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23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  S72-4903 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/JCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microraproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notat/Notas  tachniquas  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Instituta  hat  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 
D 
D 
D 

D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvarture  da  coulaur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag6e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurte  et/ou  peliicuite 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  inic  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  biacit)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bieue  ou  noire) 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  an  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avac  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  ia 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaisaant  dans  la  taxte, 
mais.  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  4t6  fiim^as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


L'instltut  a  microfilm^  le  meiileur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  4t4  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
una  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  normaia  da  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I     I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 
D 

D 


v/ 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^as  et/ou  paiiiculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I   Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  in^gaia  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seuie  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refllmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totaiement  ou  partieilement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiliet  d'errata.  une  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  M  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmt  au  taux  da  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous 

10X                            14X                             18X                            22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  b««n  r«produe«d  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

University  of  Saslcatchewan 
Saskatoon 


L'axamplaira  fllmA  fut  raprodult  grica  i  la 
ginirosit*  da: 

University  of  Saskatchewan 
Saskatoon 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaalbia  conaidaring  tha  condition  and  laglblllty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apacificationa. 


Laa  imagaa  aulvantaa  ont  4tA  raproduitaa  avnc  la 
plus  grand  soln,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  l'axamplaira  filmA,  at  an 
conformit*  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  fllmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  laat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  approprlata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  fllmad  baglnning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  iiluatratad  Imprassion. 


Laa  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  un 
papiar  aat  ImprimAa  sont  filmis  mn  commanpant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  sacond 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Tous  laa  autras  axamplairaa 
originaux  sont  fiimis  an  commandant  par  la 
pramlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illustratlon  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  taila 
amprainta. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  ▼  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appliaa. 


Un  daa  symbolas  sulvants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha,  salon  la 
caa:  la  symbols  — »•  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
symbols  V  signifia  "FIN". 


Maps,  platas,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  fllmad  at 
diffarant  raductlon  ratios.  Thoaa  too  larga  to  ba 
antiraly  included  In  ona  axposura  ara  fiimecj 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmte  A  dee  taux  da  rMuction  dIffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  §tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  sup4rieur  gauche,  do  gauche  A  droite, 
et  do  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  la  nombra 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illuatrent  la  mAthode. 


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THE 


TRAVELLERS'  HAND  BOOK 


FOR  THB 

STikTB  or  WIIW- 

AltD 

THE    PROVINCE    OF   CANADA 


Jf./GoS 


coNrAiRiira 


BRIEF  ACCOUNTS  OF  THE  TOWNS,   THEIR  PUBLIC  BUIL 
INQS  AND  OTHER  OBJECTS  OF  INTEREST  —  NATURAL 
AND  ARTIFICIAL  CURIOSITIES  —  HISTORICAL  MEMO- 
RANDA —  MODES  OF  CONVEYANCE  —  TABLES  OF 
DISTANCES    BY    RAILROAD,    CANAL,    STAGE. 
AND  RIVER  ROUTES  IN  EVERY  DIRECTION : 

THE  WHOLE  ARRANGED  ON  A  NEW  PLAN, 

RT  WHICH  CVERt  INTERESXmO  OBJECT  ON  THE  LXAOIHO  KOUTKt 
18  BROUGHT  INTO  TIEW. 


*^/iA» 


WITH  MAPS,  &( 

SECOND    EDCTION. 

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LIBRARY 


y 


BY    H.    S. 


imnmt, 1  tv \r 


NEW.  YORK: 

PUBLISHED 
AT  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL 

No*  133  Broadway. 


BY  T.H  TANNER^      T^'^.^/ >.7/ 
•HICAL.EstA*lifS6atiWT,^==^  (/ 


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1844. 


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Entered  according  to  act  of  Congreu,  in  the  jre nr  1843,  by  H.  S.  Tanner, 
in  the  Clerk'e  ofilce  of  tlie  Diitrict  CourlTor  the  Southern  Diitrict  of  New. 

York. 


I 


m 


TREFACE. 


Among  tlie  multitudo  of  UuUles,  Directories 


1843,  by  H.S.Th liner, 
mhern  Diitrict  of  New. 


ind  T 


irists  \a  wliich  our  bool<-stures  abound, 
there  is  scarcely  any  that  presents  that  syste- 
matic arrangement  and  perspicuity  whicli  are 
so  desirable  to  the  traveller  and  tourist.— 
Whilst  most  of  the  works  now  extant  are  re- 
plete with  important  and  intcresiing/ac7.s,  they 
are,  without  exception,  defective  in  point  of  ar- 
rangement, and  in  regard  to  the  relative  im- 
portance of  the  several  objects  brought  into 
view.  In  the  present  work,  an  endeavor  has 
been  made  so  to  digest  its  varied  contents,  as 
to  enable  the  tourist  to  examine,  seriatim,  every 
object  of  interest  along  the  route  he  may  select, 
and  thus  to  ascertain  what  is  most  deserving  of 
his  attention  :  for  example,  assuming  the  city 
of  Albany  as  one  of  the  radiating  points,  a  brief 
account  of  the  city  and  its  interesting  objects, 
modes  of  conveyance,  &c.  is  given:  then  follow 
tables  of  distances  from  Albany  to  another  point 
of  departure — Utica,  for  instance — and  then  a 
concise  description  of  each  interir»ediate  place 
of  any  importance,  with  directions  to  such  cu- 


IV 


PREFACE. 


riosities  in  and  around  each  as  should  not  be 
overlooked  by  an  intelligent  inquirer.  In  this 
manner  every  leading  route  by  railroad  or 
otherwise,  is  concisely,  and,  it  is  hoped,  satis- 
factorily treated.  One  of  the  most  important 
features  of  the  present  work,  is  brevity  ;  a 
quality  that,  we  are  sure,  cannot  fail  to  recom- 
mend it  to  the  favorable  attention  of  the  travel- 
ler, who  is,  whilst  in  transitu^  unable  or  at  least 
unwilling  to  enter  into  those  elaborate  and  fa- 
tiguing details,  which  disfigure  most  similar 
works.  In  conclusion,  the  author  has  sedulous- 
ly endeavored  lo  construct  such  a  work  as  he 
himself  has  often  felt  the  want  of  whilst  travel- 
ling, and  such  a  one  as  would  naturally  sug- 
gest itself  to  the  mind  of  any  intelligent  tra- 
veller. 


e 

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3i:i)c  ^TratJcUerBN^fiiiPertE"^^^^ 


nearly  7°  of  longitude,  the  whole  ^ 


Generat.  View. 
over  ^}p  of  hit.  and  ne£ 

forming  an  outhnc  of  about  1 ,400  miles  in  length,  which 
encloses  an  area  of  49,01)0  s^quare  miles ;  having  N.  Ca- 
nada; VV.  Pennsylvania  and  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie ; 
S.  Pennsylvania  and  New-.Teraey  ;  and  E.  Connect!- 
cut,  Massachusetts  and  Vermont.  Its  population,  by 
the  national  census  of  1840,  was  2,428,931,  as  fol- 
lows  :  Albany  County,  68,.'J93,  of  which  Albany  is  the 
capital ;  Allegany,  40,975,  cap.  Angelica  ;  Broome, 
22,338,  cap.  Binghauiton ;  Cattaraugus,  23,872, 
cap.  Eilicottsvilie ;  Cayuga,  50,338,  cap.  Auburn  ; 
Chatauque,  47.975,  cap.  Mayvilln ;  Chemung,  20,735, 
cap.  Elrtiira  ;  Chenango,  40,785,  cap.  Norwich ; 
Clinton,  28.157,  cap.  Plattsburg;  Columbia,  43,252, 
cap.  Hudson  ;  Cortland,  21, G07,  cap.  Cortlnnd  ;  De. 
iawarp,  35,396,  cap.  Delhi ;  Dutchess,  5:2,398.  cap. 
Poughkcepsic;  I'.rio,  C2,4G5,  cap.  Bufralo  ;  Essex, 
23,G34,  cap.  Elizab'<tli ;  Franklin,  1G,318,  cap.  Ma- 
lone ;  Fulton,  18,049,  cap.  .Johnstown  ;  Genesee, 
29,924,  cap.  Batavia;  Grtenc,  3f),44J],  cap.  Catskill ; 
Hamilton,  1,907,  cap.  Lake  Pleasant;  Ilerkiincr, 
37,474,  cap.  Herkimer  ;  Jefferson,  GO, 984.  cap. 
Waterlown  ;  Kings,  47, G13,  cap.  Brooklyn;  Lewis, 
17,830,  cap.  jMarlinsliurg  ;  Livingston,  35,140,  cap. 
Gencseo ;  Madison,  40,008,  cap.  xMorrisviile  ;  Mon. 
roe,  G4,902,  cap.  Rochester;  Montgomery,  35,818, 
cap.  Fonda;  Niagara,  31,132,  cap.  Loc!%  port ;  New- 
York,  312,710,  cap.  New-York;  Oneida,  85,310, 
cap.  Utica;  Onondaga,  67,91 1,  cap.  Syracuse  ;  On. 

tario,  43,501,  cap.  Canandaigua;  Orange,  50,739, 

1»  ' 


STATE    or   NEW-YORK. 


I 
i 


11! 


cap.  Goshen ;  Orleans,  25,127,  cap.  Albion  ;  Oswe- 
go, 43,G19,  cap.  Pulaski ;  Otsego,  49,628,  cap.  Coo- 
perstown;  Putnam,  12,825,  cap.  Carmcl ;  Queens, 
30,.324,  cap.  North  Hempsted  ;  Rensselaer,  6(1,259, 
cap.  Troy;  Richmond,  10,965,  cap.  Richmond; 
Rockland,  11,975,  cap.  New  City  ;  St.  Lawrence, 
56,706,  cap.  Canton  ;  Saratov  a,  40,553,  cap.  Ballston 
Spa  ;  Schenectady  17,387,  cap.  Schenectady  ;  Sene- 
ca, 24,874,  cap.  Ovid  ;  Steuben,  46,138,  cap.  Bath  ; 
Suffolk,  32,469,  cap.  Riverhead ;  Sullivan,  15.629, 
cap.  Monticello ;  Tioga,  20,527,  cap.  Owego ;  Tomp- 
kins, 37,948.  cap.  Ithaca  ;  Ulster,  45,822,  cap.  Kings, 
ton  ;  Warren,  13,442,  cap.  Caldwell ;  Washington, 
41,080,  cap.  Salem;  Wayne,  42.057,  cap.  Lyons ; 
Westchester,  48,686,  capitol  Bedford ;  Wyoming, 
29,663,  cap.  Warsaw  ;  Yates,  20,444,  cap.  Pennyan. 

Physical  Structure. — The  state,  intersected  by 
several  mountain  chains,  presents  a  great  diversity  of 
soil  and  climate.  Thouph  the  western  parts  are  less 
broken  than  those  of  the  east  and  north,  yet  the  en- 
tire  surface,  with  partial  exceptions,  is  cither  hilly  or 
mountainous. 

The  Hudson  flows  from  a  mountainous  region,  and 
is  precipitated  into  a  deep  valley,  at  or  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Mohawk.  The  Hudson  valley  is  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  in  th.e  hydrography  of  the 
United  States.  From  the  Mohawk  to  Sandy  Hook 
it  may  be  regarded  as  a  long  narrow  bay  rather  than 
a  river.'  The  banks  are,  for  the  most  part,  abrupt, 
rising  in  some  places  to  the  height  of  1200  or  1500 
feet ;  in  many  parts  precipitous,  as  nt  the  palisades,  a 
few  miles  above  the  city  of  New*. York,  and  scarcely 
ever  less  than  100  or  200  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  river.  The  pass,  known  as  the  Highlands,  is 
flanked  on  both  sides  by  enormous  walls  of  nearly 
vertical  rock,  which  presents  every  variety  of  form. 
The  rude  and  deep  valleys  that  intervene  between 
the  gigantic  prominences,  the  dense  and  almost  im- 
penetrable  forests  by  which  they  are  covered,  and  the 


I 


STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 


majestic  grandeur  of  the  mountain  peaks,  afford  one 
of  the  most  impressive  landscapes  to  be  found  in  na- 
ture. Here  the  great  primitive  ranges  pass  the  Hud- 
son, and  here  only  do  the  ocean  tides  penetrate  into 
the  vast  interior  plains  of  the  United  States.  The 
ridges  of  which  we  are  speaking,  after  leaving  the 
Hudson,  deflect  towards  the  north,  pass  through 
Dutrihess  County  into  Massachusetts,  thence  into 
Vermont,  vvhfire  they  are  known  as  the  ••  Green 
Mountains,"  and  tijence  into  Canada. 

The  range  Ibrming  the  N.  W.  limits  of  Sullivan 
and  iJlster,  pnssps  into  Greene,  where  h  attains 
its  greatest  elevation  ;  and  thence  through  Schoharie, 
Otsego,  lierkimer,  and  Montgomery,  crosses  the 
Mohawk  by  the  Little  Falls,  enters  Herkimer,  as. 
euming  the  na-aie  of  Sacondago,  and  finally  crosses 
the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  "  Thousand  Islands."  One 
of  the  lateral  ridge?  of  this  group  extends  towards  the 
north,  and  attains  to  the  height  of  upv/nrds  of  5,000 
feet:  Mount  Marcy,  ti-e  culminating  point,  is  said 
to  be  5,467  feet  high.  The  Caiskill  group,  the  next 
in  point  of  elevation,  rises  to  its  greatest  height  a 
few  miles  west  of  the  town  of  Catskill..  Its  principal 
peak,  the  Round  Top,  is  3,804,  and  Pine  Orchard 
House,  a  celebrated  place  of  resort, is  3,000  teet  above 
the  adjacent  river.  All  the  subordinate  chains  east 
of  tiie  Hudson  pursue  a  course  nearly  north. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
cornpri'hcnding  Fultrm,  Warren,  Efscx,  Hamilton, 
Herkimer  and  parts  of  Montgomery,  Saratogn,  Wash- 
ington, Clinton,  PVanklin,  St.  Lawrence,  Lew^s,  and 
Oneida  Counties,  belongs  to  the  primitive  forma'.ioi^; 
as  docs  also  the  souih  eastern  portion,  embracing  parts 
of  Orange,  Ulster,  Greene,  Putnam,  Dutchess,  Colum- 
bia, Rensselaer,  and  some  other  counties.  These  two 
groups  are  separated  by  an  elongated  deposit  of  sedi. 
jincntary  rocks.  The  first  mentioned  is  flanked  m  the 
S.  E.  by  a  spur  of  the  lower  transition  ;  on  the  N.  E.  by 
tertiary,  and  on  all  sides  by  transition  rocks.    It  is 


I 


STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 


composed  of  granite,  gneiss,  primitive  limestone,  hy- 
persthene,   serpentine  and  sienite :  these,  with  the 
addition  of  mica  and  talcose  slates,  form  the  second 
group.     With  some  exceptions  the  remaining   por- 
tions of  the  state  may  be  referred  to  the  transition 
and  the  old  red  sandstone  series.     The  first  is  com- 
posed  of  sandstone,  shales,  limestone  grit,  salt,  pyp- 
sum,  iron  ore,  conglomerates,  &,c.  ;  and  the  latter  of 
micaceous  shales  of  various  hues,  sandstones,  con- 
glomerates,  trap,  grits,   &-c.      'J'he  Catskill  Mou.i- 
tains  occupy  the  principal  field  of  the  old  red  sand- 
stone,   which   is    here    largely    developed.      These 
several  formations  abound  in  their  appropria^'e  mine- 
rals and  fossils.     Li  the  primitive  are  foupd  iron  ore 
in  great  abundance,  both  magnetic  and  specular  ox- 
ides ;  ores  of  copper,  lead,  and  zinc  hnve  been  tuund, 
but,  with  partial  exccpiions,  have  not  been  wrought 
to  much    advantage.     In    the  tronsition   rocks  are 
found  salt,  in  solution,  which  i-*  manut'actured  to  a 
great  extent,  chiefly  in  Ononu'aga   county  ;  gypsum, 
water  lime,  argillaceous  ox.iJe  of  iron,  limonite,  mar- 
ble, several  varieties,  sili-ious  sandstone,  a  valuable 
material  for  building  ;  ffates  and  red  sandstone  of  va- 
rious textures.    Peat  and  marl  are  more  generally  dif- 
fused.    The  principal  fossil  renininR  oi'  this  group  are 
the  atrypas,  bellcrophon,  calyniene,  isotelus,  &,c. 

The  plains  of  New-York  are  few  in  number,  and 
limited  in  extent :  the  principal  are,  one  on  the  east. 
em  end  ofijong  Island;  a  long  narrow  strip  on  the 
south  eidd  of  Lake  Ontario;  a  few  alluvial  bottoms 
along  pome  of  the  streams,  and  in  the  elevated  table 
Irfhdsofthe  mountain  region.  The  principal  isAes 
are,  Ontario  and  Erie,  the  former  of  which  is  com. 
rpon  to  New-York  and  Canada,  and  the  latter  to  N. 
York,  Ohio,  Canada,  and  Michigan  ;  Lake  Charn. 
plain,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between 
New- York  and  Vermont ;  Lake  George,  a  tributary 
of  the  preceding  ;  Black  Lake;  Oneida  hake  ;  Cay, 
vga  Lake ;  Seneca,  Canandaigua,  Skaneateles,  and, 


STATE    OF    UEW-YORK. 


9 


CrooTied  Lakes,  near  the  centre  of  the  state  ;  Chau. 
tauque,  Long,  Owasco,  Backet,  Otsbgo,  &c.  The 
Rivers  consist  of  the  Hudson,  which  rises  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  runs  in  u  general  S.  E. 
course  to  Sandy  Hill,  and  thence  due  S.  to  its  dis- 
charge into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  340  miles  in  length. 
The  Mohawk,  which  unites  with  the  Hudson  a  few 
miles  above  Albany,  is  the  only  branch  of  the  latter 
worthy  of  notice,  150  miles.  The  St.  Lawrence 
washes  the  N.  W.  quarter  of  the  state  for  about  100 
miles,  forming  the  boundary  between  New- York  and 
Canada  west. 

The  chief  affluents  of  this  portion  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence are, — Backet,  145,  Osxcegatcljie,  140,  and 
Black  Bivers,  125  miles  in  length  ;  which  rise  in  the 
high  grounds  near  the  sources  of  the  Hudson.  Those 
of  Lake  Ontario  are,  Oswego  and  Genesee,  150  miles 
in  length  ;  and  of  Lake  Erie,  Buffalo  Creek,  40  miles 
long.  Tiie  southern  portion  of  the  State  is  watered 
by  the  sources  of  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna, 
rivers  of  the  Atlantic,  and  those  of  the  Alleghany, 
which  flows  into  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  The 
minor  rivers  are, — Beaver,  Canisleo,  Chateaugay, 
Grass,  Indian,  St.  Begis,  Sacondaga,  &c. 

Islands. — Long  and  Staten  Islands;  the  former 
about  150  miles  long,  and  of  a  mean  breadth  of  18 
miles  ;  and  the  latter  18  by  12  miles,  are  situated  in 
the  S.  E,  quarter  of  the  State  ;  and  Grand  Island,  ia 
the  Strait  of  Niagara. 

The  Water  Falls  are  those  of  Niagara,  Trenton, 
Genesee,  Cohoes,  &.C.;  all  which  will  be  described 
herealter.  .  * 

Railways. — The  principal  Railways,  finished  or 
in  the  course  of  execution,  are  : — 

1.  The  New  York  and  Erie  ;  from  Tappan,  (now 
called  Picrmont,)  on  the  Hudson,  25  miles  above 
Now- York,  to  Dunkirk,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Erie,  445  miles. 

2.  Mohawk  and  Hudson ;  from  Albany  to  Sche- 
nectady, IG  miles. 


10 


STATE    OF    NEW-.YORK. 


:•]' 


( 

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'  I 


3.  Utica  and  Schenectady,  77  miles. 

4.  Syracuse  and  Utica,  53  miles. 

5.  Auburn  and  Syracuse,  HG  milfls. 

6.  Auburn  and  liochester,  78  miles. 

7.  Ttmawanda;  from  Rochester  to  Attica,  42  miles. 

8.  Attica  and  Buffalo,  31  miles. 

The  Railways  numbcrod  from  2  to  8,  inclusive, 
form  a  continuous  line  from  Albany  to  Buffalo; 
whence  there  is  a  railway,  i23  miles  in  length,  to 
Niagara  Falls. 

9.  Albany  and  West  Stockhridge ;  from  Green- 
bush,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  AU)any,  to  West 
Stockhridge,  in  Massachusetts,  38  miles. 

Tliis  work,  in  connection  with  the  Western  and 
the  Boston  an'd  Worcester  railways,  of  Massachu. 
setts,  form  an  uninterrupted  railway  from  Albany 
to  Boston. 

10.  Hudson  and  Berkshire;  a  branch  of  the  pre- 
ceding, 34  miles  in  length. 

11.  Saratoga  and  Schenectady,  22  miles.  This, 
with  No.  2,  constitutes  the  line  from  Albany  to  Sa- 
ratoga Springs. 

12.  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga;  from  Troy  to  Ball- 
ston,  Spa.,  where  it  intersects  No.  11. 

13.  Schenectady  and  Troy,  20  miles. 

14.  Catskill  arid  Canujuharie,  78  miles. 

15.  Ithaca  and  Owego,  28  miles. 

16.  Corning  and  Blossbtirg ;  from  Corning,  on 
the  Susquehanna,  to  Blossburg,  Pa. 

17.  Lockport  and  Niagara  Falls,  24  miles. — 
(Travellers  on  the  Erie  Canal,  destined  for  the  Falls, 
take  the  cars  at  Lockport.)  ♦ 

18.  Skaneateles ;  from  Skaneatclcs  to  Elbridge, 
ij-J  niiloFi. 

19.  Ne IP.  York  and  Harlem;  from  New  York  to 
White  Plains,  28  miles. 

CANAf.s. — 1.  Eiie;  from  Albany  through  Sche- 
nectady, Utica,  Rome,  Montezuma,  Rochester,  and 
Lockport,  to  Buffalo,  3G3  miles. 


li 


STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 


11 


2.  Champlain ;  branches  offfrom  the  Erie  Canal,  8 
miles  from  Albany,  and  extends  to  Whitehall,  on 
Lake  Champlain,  G4  miles.  Glenn's  Falls  feeder 
12  miles. 

3.  Black  Elver;  also  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from 
Rome  to  the  High  Falls  of  Black  River,  in  Oneida 
and  Lewis  counties,  36  m.     Boonville  Feeder  10  m. 

4.  Cuijuga  and  Seneca ;  from  Geneva  to  Monte- 
zuma, 23  hiiles. 

5.  Chenango;  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from  Utica  to 
Binghamton,  97  miles. 

6.  Genef^ec  Valley;  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from  Ro- 
chester to  Olean,  on  the  Alleghany  river,  108  miles- 
Dansvillc  Branch  12  miles. 

7.  Ostoego";  a  branch  of  No.  1,  from  Syracuse  to 
Osvvego,  on  Lake  Ontario,  38  miles. 

8.  Hudson  and  Delaware;  from  Eddyvillc,  near 
Kingston,  on  the  Hudson,  to  Honesdale,  Pa.,  108 
miles. 

9.  Chemung;  from  Jefferson,  at  the  head  of  Sen- 
eca Lake,  to  Elmira,  on  the  Tioga  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna,  23  miles.  Feeder  from  Fairport  to 
Corning,  16  miles. 

10.  Crooked  Lake;  from  Penn  Yan  to  Dresden, 
8  miles. 

Cities  and  Chief  Towns  — New  York,  the  great 
Metropolis,  312,710  inhabitants;  Brooklyn,  36,283; 
Albany,  33,721 ;  Rochester,  20,191 ;  Troy,  19,334; 
Buffalo,  18,213;  Utica,  12,782;  Poughkeepsie, 
10,006;  Lockport,  9,125;  Neicburgh,  8,933 ;  Sche- 
nectady,  6,784;  Plattshurg,  6,416;  Auburn,  5,626; 
Ithaca,  5,650;  Catskill,  5,339;  Williamsburg, 
5,094;  Oswego,  4,665;  Geneva,  *,368;  Batavia, 
4,219  ;  Saratoga  Springs,  3,384. 

Government. — The  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor are  elected  every  two  years.  The  latter  is  Pre- 
sident of  the  Senate,  which  consists  of  32,  and  the 
House  of  Assembly  of  128  members.  The  former 
are  elected  for  four  years  and  the  latter  for  one  year, 


-~»»- 


is 


STATE    OF    NEW-TORK. 


For  the  election  of  Senators  the  State  is  divided 
into  eight  districts,  each  of  which  chooses  four  Sen- 
ators,  one  of  whom  is  elected  every  year,  The  mem- 
bers of  the  Lower  House  are  elected  by  counties, 
and  are  apportioned  according  to  population.  The 
general  election  is  held  in  October  or  November,  as 
the  Legislature  may  direct,  which  meets  on  the  first 
Tuesday  in  January. 

The  Ch  mcellor  and  Judges  are  appointed  by  the 
Governor  and  Senate.  The  former,  and  the  Justi- 
ces of  the  Supreme  and  Circuit  Courts,  hold  their  of- 
fices during  eood  behavior,  but  not  after  they  attain 
the  age  of  sixty  years.  The  Judges  of  the  County 
Courts  hold  their  offices  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

The  right  of  suffrage  is  accorded  to  every  white 
male  who  has  attained  the  age  of  21  years,  and  resi. 
ded  in  the  State  one  year  next  preceding  the  election, 
and  six  months  in  the  county.  Men  of  color  who 
possess  an  unencumbered  freehold  estate  of  the  value 
of  $250  are  entitled  to  vote. 

History. — The  leading  features  in  the  early  His- 
tory of  this  now  important  State  is  the  navigation  of 
the  Hudson,  in  1G09,  by  Henry  Hudson,  an  Enghsh- 
man,  in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany. Settlements  on  the  river  soon  followed,  when 
Fort  Orange  (Albany)  was  erected. 

In  1612  settlements  were  made  by  Dutch  emi- 
grants on  Manhattan  Island,  chiefly  along  its  southern 
shore,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  "  New  Amster- 
dam." The  colony,  under  the  title  of  the  "  New 
Netherlands,"  soon  began  to  flourish,  and  accord- 
ingly attracted  the  attention  of  the  EngHsh,  who  now 
claimed  a  prior  right  to  the  country,  but  ultimately 
relinquished  the  claim,  when  tho  New  Netherland- 
ers  were  permitted  to  enlarge  their  settlements  with- 
out further  disturbance  at  that  time.  They  were, 
however,  greatly  annoyed  by  the  Swedes  on  the  Del- 
aware and  the  English  settlers  in  the  East,  with 
whom  border  contests  were  of  frequent  occurrence. 


STATE    OF    NKW-YORK. 


13 


One  of  tlie  results  of  this  condition  of  things  was  the 
rclinijui.-hinent  of  a  part  of  Long  Inland  to  tlic  En- 
glisli,  in  H'u)0.  Stiniulatcd  by  this  important  acqui- 
siliun,  the  Eiighi-h  renewed  their  claim,  and  in  1G64 
the  entire  country  was  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York 
and  Albany,  by  his  brother.  King  Charles  II.  The 
Duich,  unable  to  resist  the  force  sent  against  them, 
burrendcred  to  Colonel  Nichols,  who  at  once  assumed 
the  govcriunrnt,  and  changed  the  name  of  the  Prov- 
incc  to  New  York.  In  1 G73,  during  the  contest  with 
the  English,  the  Dutch  regained  possession  of  the 
colony  ;  but,  on  the  termination  of  hostilities,  in  the 
following  year,  was  restored  to  the  English,  with 
whom  it  continued  until  wrested  from  them  by  the 
revolution  of  177G.  In  1683  the  first  Colonial  As. 
sembly  met  and  assumed  the  exclusive  power  of 
enacting  laM's  and  levying  taxes.  During  the  revolu- 
lion,  which  succeeded  the  accession  of  the  Duke  of 
York  to  the  throne  of  England,  the  Colonists  took 
forcible  possession  of  the  fort,  and  declared  for  the 
Prince  of  Orange ;  and  Jacob  Leisler,  a  prominent 
leader  in  the  movement,  assumed  the  office  of  Gov- 
ernor. He  maintained  his  authority  for  a  time  against 
all  ojiposition  ;  but,  owing  to  his  arbitrary  and  unjust 
proceedings,  was,  after  several  bloody  conflicts,  com- 
pelled to  surrender  the  government  into  the  hands  of 
Colonel  Slaughter,  who  had  been  appointed  Gover- 
nor by  King  William  ;  and  who  caused  Leisler  to  be 
apprehended.  lie  and  one  of  his  accomplices,  na- 
nied  Milbourne,  were  executed  soon  after ;  though, 
as  it  appears,  contrary  to  the  intentions  of  the  Gover- 
nor, who  designed  to  pardon  them.  Nothing  of  mo- 
ment  occurred  to  disturb  the  Colonists  during  the 
period  from  the  revolution  in  England,  in  1G88,  down 
to  1741,  when  they  were  thrown  into  great  alarm  by 
a  supposed  plot  of  the  blacks  to  burn  the  city ;  which, 
however,  appears  to  have  been  unfounded. 

In  17G5  the  City  of  New  York  was  the  scat  of  a 
Continental  Congrtsa,  and  in  1776  it  was  occupied 

2 


I' 'fl 


rTOP^^fp- 


14 


CUT    OF    NEW-YORK. 


by  the  Bn.ish,  who  retained  possession  until  Novem- 
ber  2.>,  1163.  In  1785  Congress  met  here,  and  ia 
1789  the  first  Conf,'res3  under  the  new  Constitution 
assembled,  when  the  first  President  was  inaugurated 
in  New. York. 

During  the  contests  with  the  French  in  Canada, 
and  the  more  recent  wars  between  the  Americans 
and  British,  New  York  became  the  field  of  important 
conflicts  ;  and  the  entire  State  may  hence  be  regarded 
as  classic  ground.  Some  brief  accounts  of  those  con. 
flicts  will  be  given  hereafter,  in  their  appropriate 
places. 

Education. — There  are,  in  the  State,  several  insti- 
tutions,  established  by  law  for  the  promotion  of  know- 
ledge ;  the  chief  of  which  are  : — 

A  State  University,  located  in  the  city ;  Univer. 
sit]/  of  the  City  of  New  York;  Union  College,  in 
Schenectaday  ;  Hamilton  College,  in  Oneida  County; 
Geneva  College,  to  which  a  Medical  Department  is 
attached ;  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in 
the  city ;  Albany  Medical  College ;  New  York  In- 
stitutionfor  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  a  few  miles  above 
the  city  ;  Institution  for  the  Blind.  There  are,  also, 
distributed  over  the  State,  140  Academies  rnd  a  vast 
number  of  Common  or  Primary  Schools.  The  fund 
for  the  support  of  the  latter  exceeds  $2,000,000. 


', 


i 

l! 


I 


CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

New- York,  the  Metropolis  of  the  State,  and  the 
most  populous,  wealthy,  and  commercial  city  of  the 
Union,  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Hudson 
and  East  rivers,  on  one  of  the  finest  harbors  in  the 
country ;  in  N.  Lat.  40°  42'  40'^  and  E.  Long.  2o 
54'  30''  from  the  Capitol,  at  Washington  ;  having  E. 
the  str^t  called  East  river,  which  separates  it  from 


CITY    OF    NEW-YORK. 


15 


Long  Ipland  and  unites  the  bay  of  New  York  with 
Long  Island  sound  ;  VV.  the  Hudson,  which  forms 
a  pnrt  of  the  boundary  between  the  States  of  New- 
York  and  New.Jersey  ;  S>  New-York  bay  ;  N.  Spuy- 
ten  Duyvel  creek  and  Harlem  river. 

The  city,  properly  so  called,. or  that  portion  of  the 
island  where  the  population  is  mostly  concentra- 
ted, occupies  ihc  souiliern  f[uaricr  of  Manhattan  or 
New-York  island  ;  the  wl«olo  of  which,  including 
the  viilaycs  of  Harlem,  Dloomingdulo,  Yorkville,  and 
Manhattanville,  together  with  some  adjacent  islands, 
are  under  the  exclusive  jurisdicfion  of  the  City  Cor. 
poration,  and  constitute  the  County  of  New- York. 
According  to  the  census  of  1840,  the  city,  with  the 
suburbs  just  mentioned,  contained  31:2,710  iiihab- 
itants.  The  population  at  this  time,  (September, 
1843),  no  doubt  exceeds  350,000.  The  densely  built 
part  of  the  island,  or  "the  city,"  has  an  outline  of 
nearly  12  miles  in  length.  The  principal  street, 
Broadway,  in  which  most  of  the  retail  fancy  business 
is  transacted,  is  a  splendid  street,  80  feet  in  width, 
extending  northward  from  the  Battery  to  Union  Park, 
a  distance  of  nearly  three  miles. 

Nearly  the  whole  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city  is 
devoted  to  commerce  and  its  kindred  pursuits  ;  and, 
since  the  establishment  of  omnibuses,  which  now 
traverse  every  part  of  the  city,  merchants  and  others 
doing  business  in  that  quarter  have  their  residences 
in  the  upper  or  more  modern  porti<m  of  the  town. 

The  streets  in  the  old  part  of  the  city  arc  mostly  ir. 
regular  and  narrow;  but  those  of  a  more  recent  date 
are  generally  straight,  wide,  and  well  paved,  and  in- 
tersect each  other  at  right  angles. 

In  the  early  stages  of  the  city,  narrow,  inconve- 
nient and  ill  paved  streets,  lined  with  dull,  heavy  look, 
ing  buildings,  were  its  characteristic  features  ;  but  so 
great  is  the  alteration  in  these  respects,  that  at  pre- 
sent but  few  cities  can  boast  of  wider  or  handsomer 
streets,  more  sumptuous  public  building?,  or  better 
Constructed  and  splendid  private  dwellings. 


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16 


CITY    OF    NinV-YORK. 


IVfill.^trect  is  almost  exclusively  occupied  by  the 
Banks,  Biokors,  nnd  otlicrfl  cni^ngcd  in  fisml  opcru- 
lions  ;  Pearl-strcet,  by  tiic  Dry  Goods  and  Hardware 
Merrhanta  ;  Front-strcet,  by  the  Wholesale  Grocers, 
Coniiiiission  Merchants,  cV.c.;  and  Scjulli-ntreet,  by 
persona  engaged  in  Foreign  Coniniorcc.  The  Third 
Avenue,  a  continuation  of  liie  Bowery,  is  the  prin- 
cipal outlet  towards  the  N.  E.  It  is  Macadamized 
09  far  as  Ifarlcm,  a  distance  of  about  7  miles,  and  is 
one  of  the  finest  pav"  i  ways  in  the  country.  Fourth, 
Fifth,  Sixtli,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Avenues  are  wide, 
handsome,  and  partially  paved. 

New- York  is  sujiijlicd  with  an  abundance  of  excel- 
lent  water,  by  means  of  a  capacious  arpicduct,  which 
conveys  the  water  of  the  Croton  river,  a  branch  of 
the  Hudson,  a  distance  of  nearly  42  miles.  This 
iTiagnificcnt  work,  which  has  been  eflected  chicily 
through  the  exertions  of  the  Corporation  and  the  pub- 
lie  spirit  of  the  citizens,  will  have  cost,  when  entirely 
completed,  not  less  than  Jj^  12,000,000.  (For  an 
elaborate  description  of  the  Croton  Aqueduct,  eee 
Tanner's  Account  of  the  Internal  Improvements  of 
the  United  States.) 

There  are  two  Gas  Companies,  which  supply  ^as, 
not  only  to  the  streets,  shops,  and  factories,  but  also 
to  many  private  dwellings. 

Besides  the  Park,  Union  Square,  &c.,  which  will 
be  noticed  presently,  there  are  several  other  public 
walks  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  as  Washington 
Square,  near  the  University ;  Tompkins^  Square,  in 
the  N.  E.  quarter  of  the  city ;  University  I'lace,  St. 
Johu^s  Park,  &.c. 

New.  York  Bay,  the  recipient  of  the  noble  Hudson, 
communicates  with  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  three  dis- 
tinct channels,  io  wit: — one  by  the  "Narrows,"  at 
the  point  of  nearest  contact  of  Long  and  Staten  isl- 
♦inds,  which  conducts  into  what  is  termed  tlie  Lower 
liay,  and  thence  past  Sandy  Hook  and  the  S.  W.  end 
of  Long  Island  into  the  ocean  ;  one  through  lull  Van 


CITY    OK    NEW   YORK. 


17 


y  tlie 
poru- 
ware 
)ccr3, 
t,  bv 

prin- 
iiizcd 
mi  is 
iirlli, 
wide, 


Kiihl,  or  "the  Kills,"  Statcn  island  pound,  and  Am- 
boy  bay,  and  one  thrMUi;h  the  East  river  and  Lone; 
island  sound  ;  whieli  lorui  u  navijjahle  comniuniea- 
tion  between  the  city  an  I  ilie  jiopulouH  towns  on  tlie 
shores  of  Lon^  island,  Connecticut,  and  liliode  isl- 
and.  The-  (irnt  ia  ii'-ed  almost  exclusively  by  vessels 
en,uaged  in  the  lorcign  traile,  and  those  destined  (or  a 
sonthern  port.  The  Hudson,  one  of  the  fiiirst  nav. 
igable  streams  in  the  world,  afi'ord.s  un  uninterrupted 
water  communication  with  the  towns  of  Newbur<f, 
I*oughkee{)sie,  Catsk.ll,  Hudson,  Albany,  Troy,  &,e., 
and  throuj,fh  thorn  with  a  vast  extent  of  country  in 
every  direction.  There  ore  several  small  islands  in 
the  bay,  below  the  city  ;  which,  with  their  castles  and 
forta,  ^'ive  additional  beauty  to  the  scene.  No  spec- 
tacle can  be  finer  than  that  presented  by  the  harbor, 
thus  studded  with  greon  islands,  when  viewed  in  con- 
nection  with  the  city,  with  its  lofty  spires,  domes,  and 
shipping.  1'ho  hiyh  grounds  on  Staten  Island  and 
those  oi  Brooklyn  afford  such  a  view. 

The  Battery,  an  enclosure  which  is  situated  on 
the  extreme  southern  point  of  the  island,  forms  one 
of  the  most  delightful  promenades  of  the  city.  It  is 
a  place  of  great  resort,  and  is  occasionally  used  by 
the  military,  on  gala  days.  "  Castle  Garden,"  a  sort 
of  appendage  of  the  Battery,  with  which  it  eoui muni- 
cafes  by  a  draw-bridge,  is  also  much  frei|uented. 

The  Bowling  Green,  a  small  oval  area,  near  the 
Battery,  has  recently  become  an  object  of  attention, 
in  consequence  of  thoerection  of  a  beautiful  fountain 
in  its  centre.  The  arrangement  of  the  jets  is  admi. 
rable  :  ihey  are  so  distributed  as  to  represent,  on  one 
side  of  the  rocky  mound,  from  which  the  water  is 
ejected,  an  unbroken  fall  of  12  or  15  feet  in  height; 
and  on  the  other,  a  succession  of  tiny  cascades ; 
forming,  altogether,  one  of  the  most  tasty  ornaments 
of  this  city  of  fountains.  The  beauty  of  this  foun- 
tain is  greatly  enhanced  when  illuminated  at  night ; 
for  which  purpose  gas  lamps  are  stationed  around 
the  b  ;se  of  the  rocks.  2* 


:   <■% 


J'  .'3 


IB 


riTV    OF    NEW- YORK. 


'f  - 


Passing  up  Broadway,  the  next  object  worthy  of 
attention  is  Trinity  Church,  now  erectinir.  Its  extc- 
terior  walls  ore  composed  of  an  highly  indurated  sand, 
stone,  chis-eled  and  wrouglit  in  tlie  most  admirable 
style.  Its  depth,  from  front  to  rear,  is  1S9  feet,  width 
84,  height  G4,  and  iieiglit  of  the  spire  2G4  feet.  It 
will,  no  doubt,  be  a  magniiiccnt  structure. 

The  City  Hotel,  the  next  extensive  building,  is  at 
the  corner  of  Cedar-strcet  and  Broadway. 

A  short  distance  above  the  City  Hotel,  at  the  corner 
of  Broadway  and  Fulton  streets,  stands  St.  PaiiVs 
Church,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  city,  with 
a  spire  234  feet  in  height.  On  the  right,  and  nearly 
opposite  St.  Paul's,  cummciices  the  Park,  another 
public  walk,  aleo  decorated  with  a  fountain.  The 
Park  is  a  triangular  field,  surrounded  by  un  iron  rail- 
ing, and  ornamented  by  lrr?es,  paved  walks,  (fcc. 

It  contains  the  CHy  Hall,  one  of  the  most  splen- 
did and  extensive  buildings  in  the  city.  It  is  21G  in 
front,  10.5  in  depth,  and  65  feet  in  height.  The  front 
and  ends,  as  well  as  the  outer  cokunns,  are  of  white 
marble.  The  rear  wall  is  composed  of  the  red  sand- 
stone, so  comniuu  here.  The  original  cost  of  this 
structure  was  ujiwards  of  J$r>00,OUO.  It  is  occupied 
by  the  city  councils  and  courts  of  law.  The  gover- 
nor of  the  state,  fur  the  time  being,  has  an  audience 
chamber  in  the  second  story,  which  is  decor^Ued 
with  portraits  of  distinguished  Americans.  The  Me. 
chanics^  Jiistiinla  holds  its  meetings  in  one  of  the 
basement  rooms  of  the  City  Hall,  and  the  American 
Institute,  in  a  building  in  the  rear  of  the  Hall,  for- 
merly occupied  as  tlie  County  Alms-house. 

On  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  nearly  opposite  the 
south  entrance  of  the  Piirk,  is  (Union  Hall,  the  upj.cr 
rooms  of  which  are  occupied  by  the  Aniericnn  Mu~ 
seutn,  and  others  by  the  Mercantile  Library,  consist, 
ing  of  23,000  volumes. 

Proceeding  up  Broadway  a  few  steps  above  St. 
Paul's  Church,  the  AstorHouoe  presents  itself.    Thia 


CITY    OF    NEW-YORK. 


lf> 


IS  at 


is  an  immense  liotcl,  built  by  J.  J.  Astor,  and  is 
justly  rogardcd  as  one  of  llie  best  in  the  city.  A 
short  distance  above  the  Astor,  on  the  same  side  of 
Broadway,  is  FcaWs  Museum,  and  about  half  a 
mile  further  on,  ia  llie  Academy  nf  I^esign,  and  Neiv- 
York  Society  Library,  both  in  the  same  building, 
whicli  is  siiuated  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Leonard. street,  and  in  which  the  annual  exhibitions 
of  the  Academy  are  held.  The  library  consists  of 
40,0u0  volumes.  A  commodious  Jleadins^  Room  is 
connected  with  this  institution.  The  Lyceum  of 
Natural  History  next  presents  itself  in  Broadway, 
near  Prince-street.  The  object  of  this  institution  is 
to  promote  physical  science  in  all  its  relations.  The 
Acadeniy  is  rich  in  specimens  in  the  various  depart- 
ments of  Natural  History,  which  are  admirably  ar. 
ranged.  At  the  intersection  of  the  Bowery,  Broad- 
way,  and  the  Fourth  Avenue,  is  Union  P-ork,  a 
beautiful  promenade  with  a  magnificent  fountain. — 
In  the  distance  from  the  Battery  to  Union  Park  seve- 
ral other  handsome  churches,  some  splendid  private 
mansions  and  hotels,  in  no  way  inferior  to  tho?o  just 
mentioned,  will  arrest  the  attention  of  the  stranger. 
Among  the  latter  arc — 

Philadelphia  Hotel,  where  the  steamboats  land, 
foot  of  Battery  Place — Battery  Hotel,  corner  of  Bat. 
tery  Place  and  Greenwich  street ;  connected  with 
the  ab(»vc — Atlantic  Hotel ;  to  which  is  attached  a 
Pl)Ieiidid  garden,  where  music  is  to  be  heard  every 
evening — promenade  and  refreshnumts  ;  opposite  the 
Bowling  Green  and  Fountain — Piuuker'ii  3[anfiion 
House ;  a  quiet,  orderly,  hotne-like  Hotel — Blan- 
card^s  Globe  Hotel — St.  Gcorge^s  Hotel;  similar  to 
the  above — Wavcrly  House,  corner  of  Exehango 
Place  and  Broadway — Trr  rrnf  TfnrifftMi^^_^^' ""r 
corner  of  Pine. street  and  AJfOft(l\v«M-T:K/"^w^^^'*<</ / 
also  on  the  temperanco.  pTao,'  lt8  %TOnd*vrfty— 4^y 
Tortoni ;  conducted  Jly  Mr.  Bardotte,  in  the  style  of  * 
o  similar  house  in  PjCfis.     Th|  n^^jobjftppyyrthy  of 


Zjify^'fi  ^.ii^a^^i/ 


^ 


so 


CITY    or    ^EW••YORK, 


a  traveller's  aftcntion  is  the  Map  Establishment  of 
T.  R.  Tanner,  153  Broadway,  west  side  ;  where  they 
can  be  supplied  with  all  traveling  works  published  in 
this  country  ;  maps,  guide  and  geographical  works — 
Howard  lluiise;  tirst  class  hotel,  corner  of  Maiden 
Lane  and  Broadway  ;  a  fine  i)roniinent  building — 
Franklin  IlQiine,  corner  of  Dcy-street  and  Broadway; 
also  an  excellent  Hotel — Ameiican  Hotel,  corner  of 
Barclay-strcet  and  Broadway ;  conducted  by  Mr. 
Cozzens,  so  well  known  at  the  Military  Apadem)', 
West  Point.  This  hotel  is  a  resort  of  the  officers  of 
the  Army  and  Navy — Washington  Hotel,  corner  of 
Reade-strect  and  Broadway — Atheneeum  Hotel,  cor- 
ner  of  Leonard-street  and  Broad  way — Carlton  Houses 
corner  of  Leonard-street  and  Broad  vvay. 

As  Broadway  abounds  in  objects  of  interest,  this 
may  be  regarded  as  the  leading  route  for  strangers  in 
viewing  the  city,  we  shall  now  proceed  to  describe 
or  point  out  such  other  objects  in  the  several  quarters 
of  the  ciiy  as  may  seem  to  deserve  notice. 

Cus'totn  Howe,  at  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Wall 
streets.  This  is  built  in  imitation  of  the  Parthenon  at 
Athens.  Its  exterior  walls  are  of  white  marble,  and 
the  whole  edifice  is  so  constructed,  inside  and  out,  as 
to  be  entirely  fire  pro!>f.  Each  front  contains  an  en- 
tablaiure,  with  several  Doric  columns  of  white  marble. 
The  business  hall  is  circular,  and  surmounted  by  a 
dome  which  is  supported  by  16  Corinthian  columns, 
30/eet  in  height.  The  entire  length  of  the  building 
is  200  feet,  breadth  90,  and  height  80  feet.  It  was 
erected  bv  order  of  the  General  Government,  at  a 
cost  of  $"1,175,000. 

Merchants*  Exchange,  in  Wall-strret,  occupies  the 
sitCjOfa  similar  structure,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire 
a  few  years  since.  Its  front  on  Wall. street  is  200  feet, 
depth  171  and  height  77  feet:  from  its  base  to  the 
vertex  of  the  dome,  121  feet.  It  is  constructed 
throughout  of  granite,  brought  from  Quincy,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts.    The  front  recess  is  decorated  with  18 


i 


CITY    OF    NEW-TORK. 


21 


ishment  of 
vliere  they 
iblisherl  in 
il  works — 
f  Maiden 
juildiiig — 
!roadway; 
corner  of 
i  by  Mr. 
\padem3', 
officers  of 
corner  of 
lotel,  cor- 
on  House, 

Test,  this 

■angers  in 

describe 

1  quarters 

and  Wall 
thenon  at 
rble,  and 
id  out,  as 
13  an  en- 
e  marble, 
ited  by  a 
colunnns, 
budding 
It  was 
int,  at  a 

upies  the 
d  bv  fire 
200  feet, 
e  to  the 
structed 
in  Mas- 
with  18 


lonlo  columns,  each  formed  of  a  singlo  block  of 
granile,  HS  feet  in  height  and  4|  feet  in  diameter. — 
The  Rotunda,  or  Exchange  Room,  is  100  in  diame- 
ter, and  90  feet  higii :  it  contains  8  Corinthian  co- 
lumns, of  Italian  marble,  each  41  feet  high  and  4| 
feet  in  diameter.  The  Exchange  was  built  by  ajoint 
stock  company,  at  an  expense  of  $1,800,000. 

Hall  of  Justice,  corner  of  Centre  and  Jjconard 
streets,  is  a  remarkable  structure,  composed  of  gra-. 
iiite.  It  occupies  an  area  in  common  with  the  City 
Prison,  or  Lock-up  House,  253  by  200  feet,  and  is 
built  in  the  Egyptian  style.  The  Criminal  Courts 
hold  their  sessions  in  this  building,  which,  with  its 
adjunct,  the  City  Prison,  arc  better  known  among  the 
citizens  as  "  the  toaibs." 

Colmnhia  College,  opposite  Park  Place,  founded 
in  1754. 

New-York  VrAvcnnty,  situated  opposite  the  east 
side  of  Washinj;,'!on  Sciuare,  is  a  Gothic  edifice  180 
feet  in  front  and  100  deep.  It  consists  of  a  main 
l>nilding,  with  wings  and  towers  at  each  corner.  An 
immense  window  of  stained  glass  decorates  the  front, 
and  forms  one  of  its  most  striking  features.  The 
Historical  Society,  with  its  library  of  12,000  vo- 
lumes, occupies  rooms  in  the  University  buildings. 

Next  to  this  is  the  beautiful  Gidhic  Church,  occupi- 
ed by  a  congregation  of  tlie  Dutch  Reformed  denomi- 
nation, in  charge  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ilutton. 

Among  the  multitude  of  churches  (upwards  of  170) 
distributed  through  the  city,  the  following  deserve  spe- 
cial notice  from  their  arcliitectural  beauty  :  Trinity 
Church,  in  Broadway,  ojiposite  Wall  St.;  a  magnificent 
Gothic  Structure — Si.  iVn/ZV,  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Fulton  street — Dutch  Beforined,  near  the  Univer- 
sity— St.  .Tahn^s  Chapel,  opposite  St.  John's  Park — St. 
Patrick's  Cathedral — ( 'hurchof  theMessiah — Church 
of  the  Ascension — French  Protestant  Church,\hoomc 
street — Bajitist  Church — St.  Lule\^  Church,  Hudson 
strcet~67.    Peter's,    Hard  ay    etrcot — St.     Thomas 


9<y 


CITY    OF    NEW-YORK. 


Church,  a  goihic  church,  corner  of  irouston-sfreet 
and  Broadway — Unitariun  Church,  Mercer-street. 

Therti  arc  some  rural  Cemeteries  in  and  near  the 
city.  That  of  Greenwood,  in  Brooklyn,  is  distin- 
guislied  fur  the  beauty  of  its  scenery  and  the  taste  dis- 
played in  the  arrangement  of  its  numerous  avenues. 

The  principal  Benevolent  Institutions  are  : — 

TJew.  York  Hospital,  in  Broadway — Alms-hovse 
and  TIau'se  of  lief  age,  at  Bellevue — Asylumfor  the  In- 
sane Poor,  on  IJlackwell's  Island — Lunatic  Asylum 
and  Orphans^  Asylum,  at  nioomingdale,  5  miie^  north 
of  the  city — Marine  Hospital — Seavxan^s  Bctreat  and 
Sailors'"  Snug  Harbor,  on  Staten  Island — U.  S.  Naval 
Hospital,  Brooklyn — Institution  for  the  Blind,  8th 
avenue — Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  50th 
etreet,  3  miles  from  the  City  Hall — Orphans^  Asy~ 
lum,  in  12th  street — I2oman  Catholic  Orjyhans''  Asy- 
lum, Prince-street — New-York  Dispensary  zuA  the 
Northern  Dly}en>^ary,  supply  the  indigent  with  med- 
icines and  medical  advice  gratuitously — Long  Isl. 
and  Farms,  a  branch  of  the  Alms-house,  established 
for  the  instruction  and  maintenance  of  pauper  child- 
ren. Besides  these  there  arc  several  Benevolent  So- 
cieties, for  the  relief  of  distressed  foreigners  of  every 
description;  Bible  and  Tract  Societies ;  Missionary, 
Sunday  School,  and  Education  Associations,  &c.,  &c. 

Placssof  Ajiusemext. — In  addition  to  six  regular 
Theatres,  in  various  parts  of  the  city,  thpre  are  sev- 
eral Public  Gardens,  where  musical  and  dramatic  en- 
tertainments are  occasionally  given  :  Niblu's,  Vaux- 
hall,  and  Castle  Gardens  are  the  principal. 

By  the  aid  of  the  omnibuses,  hacks,  and  cabs, 
which  may  be  found  at  any  moment,  a  stranger  may 
be  conveyed  to  any  part  of  the  city  or  adjoining  vil- 
lages at  a  small  expense.  Passage  to  any  part  of 
the  state,  and  indeed  to  any  part  of  the  world, 
forded  almust  daily,   by  the  innumerable  rail, 


IS  a 


f- 
•oads, 
stages,  steamboats,  or  sailing  vessels,  which  are  con. 
stantly  departing  from  the  city  in  every  direction. 


street 
treet. 
ear  the 
distin- 
ste  dis- 
/enues. 

xs-hovse 
the  In. 
Asylum 
9  north 
real  and 
S".  Naval 
ind,  8  th 
Hfe,  50th 
ns'  Asy~ 
/ws'  Asy. 
and  the 
ith  med. 
Long  Isl. 
tablished 
ler  child- 
olent  So. 
I  of  every 
ssionary, 
,  &c.,  &c. 
X  regular 
!  are  sev- 
matic  en- 
's, Vaux- 

nd  cabs, 
iger  may 
iiiing  vil- 
y  part  of 
rid,  is  af. 
ailroada, 
are  con. 
ction. 


ENVIRONS  OF  NEW- YORK. 

The  principal  place  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York 
is  Brooklyn,  finely  situated  on  Long  Island,  opposite 
ihe  S.  E.  side  of  the  city. 

It  is  ail  incorporated  city  of  King's  county,  with 
36,283  inhabitants.  The  streets,  with  some  excep. 
tions,  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  are 
generally  wide  and  well  paved. 
'  Its  comfnanding  situation,  salubrious  atmosphere, 
and  commodious  buildings,  have  induced  a  vast  num. 
ber  of  persons  doing  business  in  New  York  to  ocate 
themselves  here.  The  means  of  communication  af- 
forded by  steam  ferry.boats,  which  are  constantly  ply. 
ing  between  the  two  cities,  and  scarcely  ever  take 
more  than  four  minutes  in  crossing,  make  it  more 
convenient  to  many  persons  to  reside  at  Brooklyn  than 
in  the  upper  parte  of  the  city.  Hence,  the  rapid  in. 
crease  of  Brooklyn;  which,  in  1810,  contained  only 
4,402  inhabitants.  Besides  the  usual  county  build- 
ings there  are,  within  the  corporate  limits  of  Brooklyn, 
32  Churches,  belonging  to  various  denominations,  3 
Banks,  3  Insurance  Companies,  a  Lyceum,  a  hand- 
some structure  of  granite  ;  City  Library  and  Reading, 
room,  and  some  other  Literary  Tnstiutiions.  The  U. 
S.  haVe  a  Navy  Yard  on  Wallabout  Bay,  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  city,  to  which  a  Naval  Lyceum  is  at. 
tachcd.  The  Naval  Hospital  stands  a  few  hundred 
yards  E.  from  the  yard.  Greenwood  Cemetery,  of 
which  we  have  before  spoken,  is  situated  in  the  south- 
ern quarter,  and  Colonade  Garden  on  the  heights. 

On  the  "  Heights  of  Brooklyn,",  near  which  the 
Americans  were  defeated  with  immense  loss  on  the 
27th  August,  1776,  may  yet  be  seen  the  vestiges  of 
miUtary  works  constructed  in  the  early  stages  of  the 
American  Revolution. 

The  remains  of  11,000  Americans,  who  perished 
on  board  the  British  prison  ships  during  the  contest, 
now  repose  beneath  the  banks  of  the  Wallabout. 

Williamsburg, — A  recently  built  town,  situated 
on  the  East  river,  N.  E.  of  Brooklyn,  and  opposite 


,m 


I 


i 


S4 


EAviuo^'s  or  Ni:w-yoRK. 


'■(  if 


HI 


6.         " 


the  S.  E.  part  of  Now  York,  with  which  it  has  fre- 
qucnt  communication,  by  means  of  several  steam 
ferry. boats.  Population  by  the  census  of  1840, 
5,094.  Its  chief  builduiys  arp,  a  town  hall,  7  churches, 
and  the  usual  proportion  of  factories  and  work-shops, 
togeiher  with  some  handsome  and  tasty  private 
dwellings. 

Astoria. — A  flourishing  village  of  Queen's  County, 
6  miles  N.  E.  from  New- York.  It  has  a  population 
of  about  750 ;  4  churches,  an  academy,  several  thri- 
ving factories,  and  an  extensive  botanic  garden.  It 
occupies  a  beautiful  position  on  Long  Island  sound, 
near  that  remarkable  whirlpool,  called  by  the  Dutch, 
Ilelle  Gat,  "  JMl  Gate,"  and  by  the  more  rc.^ned, 
"  Ilinl  Gate."  Astoria  is  one  of  the  favorite  summer 
residences  of  the  New-Yorkers. 

Middletown. — A  small  village  of  Long  Island,  con- 
sisting of  15  or  20  buildings ;  situated  3  miles  S.  E. 
from  Astoria. 

Neictown. — A  clever  little  town  of  Queen's  county, 
5  miles  E.N.E.  from  Williamsburg;  containing 500 
or  600  inhabitants,  4  churches,  and  the  i.sual  pro- 
portion of  taverns,  stores,  and  factories. 

Flushing. — An  incorporated  town  of  Long  Island, 
situated  on  Flushing  bay,  an  arm  of  Long  Island 
sound.  Population  about  2,000.  This  is  the  seat 
of  several  literary  institutions,  as  St.  Paul's  College, 
St.  Thomas'  Hall,  St.  Ann's  Hall,  &c.  The  Lin- 
nxan  Botanic  Garden  is  here.  These,  and  other 
advantages,  render  Flushing  one  of  the  most  attrac. 
tive  places  of  resort  on  the  island.  It  is  about  10 
miles  distant  from  New  York. 

Jamaica. — A  large  and  well  built  town  of  Queen's 
county,  11  miles  from  Brooklyn,  with  a  population, 
according  to  the  late  census,  of  1650.  Its  chief  build- 
ings,  besides  those  of  the  county,  arc  5  churches,  1 
academy,  8  hotels  and  taverns,  and  several  manufac. 
lories  of  pianos  and  carriages,  2  printing  offices,  &lc. 
The  Long  Island  Railroad  Company  have  a  large 


ENVIRONS    OF    NEW-YORK. 


25 


h  it  has  ire- 
vcral  steam 
IS  of  1840, 
7  churches, 
work-shops, 
sty  private 

sn's  County, 
I  population 
several  thri. 
garden.  It 
land  sound, 
the  Dutch, 
)re  refined, 
ite  summer 

[sland,  con- 
miles  S.  E. 

m'g  county, 

tainingSOO 

i.sual  pro. 

ong  Island, 
oiig  Island 
is  the  seat 
's  College, 

The  Lin. 
and  other 
lost  attrac. 

about  10 

jf  Queen's 
lopulation, 
hief  build- 
lurches,  1 
manufac- 
lices,  &c. 
e  a  large 


dcp6t  and  machine  shop  here.  Constant  communi. 
cation  with  Brooklyn,  Flushing,  Hempstead,  Rocka. 
way,  &c.,  is  afforded  by  the  railroad  or  stages,  which 
ply  in  all  directions.  Jamaica  Bay,  5  miles  S.  from 
the  town,  abounds  in  wild  fowl,  oysters,  clams,  &c. 

liockaioay  Beach, — A  celebrated  watering  place, 
on  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  22  miles  S.  E. 
from  New- York. 

There  are,  in  addition  to  the  "  Marine  Pavilion  " 
and  "  Rock  Hall,"  both  well  kept,  several  private 
establishments  ;  where,  with  less  parade  and  show 
of  style,  the  invahd  may  enjoy  the  refreshing  sea  air 
and  bath  in  their  utmost  perfection,  and  at  a  moderate 
expense ;  whilst  those  who  inhabit  the  former  are 
expected,  and  expect,  to  pay  hberally  for  their  ex- 
travagant accommodations. 

Bedford. — A  small  village  of  King's  county,  2 
miles  E.  from  Brooklyn, 

Flutbush. — A  neat  village  of  King's  coiinty,  4 
miles  S.  E.  from  Brooklyn  ;  containing  an  academy, 
2  churches,  and  about  4.')0  inhabitants.  Near  this 
village,  in  August,  1776,  was  fought  the  disastrous 
and  memorable  h-tit't.-  of  Long  Island,  between  the 
American  and  British  forces. 

New  Zhrecht. — A  small  village,  situated  about  1 
mile  from  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic,  and  7  miles  of 
Brooklyn.  It  contains  some  35  buildings,  work 
shops,  and  about  2U0  inhabitants.  About  one  mile 
South  from  New  Utrecht  is  Bath;  situated  on  the 
verge  of  the  ocean,  which  is  much  frequented  ''•aring 
the  summer  months  for  sea  bathing.  It  consists  of 
little  else  than  the  Hotel  and  its  appendages. 

Gravesend. — A  village  situated  2  miles  S.  E.  of 
Bath  and  8  from  Brooklyn. 

Coney  Island. — Also  a  bathing  place  of  great  re-' 
sort,  forms  a  part  of  Gravesend  township. 

Fort  Hamilton — This  fortress,  which,  in  connec- 
tion  with  forts  Lafayette  and  Tompkins,  commands 
the  N^riowE'i  is  i&ituat«d  on  the  western  end  of  Long 

8 


.  '•'§ 


1 


1 

i  »M 

1 

i 

'M 

«6 


ENViROXS    of    NEW-YORK* 


Island,  and  about  8  miles  nearly  due  South  from  New 
York.  A  small  assemblage  of  houses  has  grown  up 
around  it,  including  1  church  and  an  extensive 
boarding  house.  It  has  recently  beconie  a  place  of 
fashionable  resort,  chicHy  for  the  convenience  of  sea 
bathing. 

New  Bvighton. — A  village  of  country  seats,  erected 
for  the  accommodation  of  some  of  the  "best  society" 
of  New- York.  It  occupies  the  most  northern  point  of 
Staten  Island,  at  the  entrance  of  the  "Kills,"  which 
separate  the  island  from  the  .Jersey  shore.  The  town 
plot,  which  fi.r  the  most  part  ia  the  result  of  expensive 
excavation,  descends  rapidly  from  the  base  of  ths 
adjoining  hills,  and  the  buildings  range  in  a  line  with, 
and  at  nearly  an  equal  distance  from,  the  margin 
of  New. York  bay.  The  situation  is  very  fine,  com- 
manding  a  view  of  the  bay,  with  its  islets,  the  city, 
Long  Island,  &c.  The  houses,  with  their  white 
fronts  and  massive  columns,  present  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance from  the  water.  There  arc  2  extensive 
hotels  and  several  boarding  houses.  Population 
about  400.  A  short  distance  to  the  West  stands  the 
Sailors'  Snug  Harbor ;  a  sort  of  Greenwich  Hospital, 
or  Asylum  for  superannuated  mariners.  It  consists  of 
a  large  building,  with  wings,  so  arranged  as  to  accom- 
modate a  large  number  of  inmates.  Two  miles  east 
of  Brighton  Ues  the  Quarantine  Ground,  the  Marine 
Hospital^  and  Tompkinsville.  The  latter  is  a  large 
town,  containing  upwards  of  1,400  inhabitants,  3 
churches,  several  hotels,  and  beautifully  situated  on 
the  high  ground  in  the  rear  of  Fort  Tompkins.  At- 
tached  to  the  Quarantine  establishment  are,  the  Ma- 
rine Hospital,  for  the  reception  of  patients  afflicted 
with  contagious  diseases ;  a  Yellow  Fever  Hospi- 
tal ;  a  Small  Fox  Hospital ;  besides  several  other 
buildings,  for  the  Physician,  Health  Officers,  and 
others. 

Steamboats  leave  the  lower  part  of  the  city  every 
hour  during  the  day  for  New  Brighton,  the  Quaran- 
tine Ground,  and  Tompkinsville. 


E^*vIRO^•s  OF  kew-york. 


27 


\h  from  New 
as  grown  up 
n  extensive 
le  a  place  of 
lience  of  sea 

eat?,  erected 
)est  society" 
hern  point  of 
[ills,"  which 
.  The  town 
of  expensive 
base  of  ihs 
1  a  line  with, 
,  the  margin 
•y  fine,  com- 
5ts,  the  city, 

their  white 

)eautiful  ap. 

2  extensive 

Population 
St  stands  the 
ch  Hospital, 
[t  consists  of 
as  to  accom- 
'^o  miles  east 

the  Marine 
ter  is  a  large 
habitants,  3 

situated  on 
ipkins.  At- 
are,  the  Ha- 
nts afflicted 
ever  Hospi- 
everal  other 
Officers,  and 

le  city  every 
the  Quaran- 


Jersey  City. — On  the  West  side  of  the  Hudson,  op- 
posite New  York,  is  situated  on  a  point  or  cape,  for- 
merly called  Pauhis  Hook.  The  city  is  regularly  laid 
out,  with  the  streets,  which  are  generally  wid^,  qross- 
ing  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  public  buildings 
are,  4  churches,  a  lyceum,  academy,  high  school,  a 
bank,  a  pottery,  glaas  factory,  and  about  300  private 
dwellings.  Population,  3,072.  The  New  Jersey 
Railroad  Company  iiuve  an  extensive  depot  here  ; 
and  the  Morris  Canal,  from  ^ordentown,  intersects 
the  Hudson  in  the  lower  part  of  thfe  city. 

Harsiinus  is  a  small  village,  directly  in  the  rear  of 
Jersey  City,  containing  125  inhabitants.  And  still 
farther  North  is  Pavonia,  another  suburb  of  Jersey 
City,  containing  some  250  inhabitants. 

Bergen. — Seat  of  Justice  for  Hudson  county.  New 
.Tersey,  is  finely  situated  on  Bergen  Hill,  2  miles 
West  of  Jersey  City.  It  contains  2  churches,  a 
court-house  and  other  county  buildings,  with  3.00  in. 
habitants.  Bergen,  until  recently,  presented  the  ap. 
pearance  of  one  of  the  Dutch  villages  of  early  times. 
The  primitive  manners,  customs,  and  dress  of  the 
people,  and  their  mode  of  building,  have  been  rigidly 
maintained  by  a  remnant  of  the  inhabitants  ;  hut, 
since  the  little  Dutch  village  became  the  capital  of 
a  county,  a  spirit  of  improvement  has  been  awakened 
amontr  them. 

Hohoken. — A  ncvv  village  of  Hudson  county.  New 
Jersey,  ctmtaining  about  200  inhabitants,  an  L'pisco- 
pal  church,  and  several  public  houses.  Hoboken  is 
much  frequented  by  the  citizens  of  New- York.  The 
"  Elysian  Fields,"  so  called,  contain  some  beautiful 
walks.  A  fine  view  of  the  city  may  be  had  from  the 
high  grounds  of  Hoboken.  Hoboken  has  recently 
acquired  additional  notoriety,  as  the  scene  of  a  most 
shocking  tragedy,  in  which  a  young  girl.  Miss  Rogers, 
was  murdered  by  some  unknown  hand.  The  village 
of  Weftt  Hoboken,  situated  on  the  summit  of  Bergen 
Hill,  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  harboi. 


28 


ROUTE    FROM 


WechmpJcen — A  small  settlement  on  the  Jersey 
shore,  consisting  of  some  20  or  30  buildings;  beauti. 
fully  situated,  about  2  miles  North  of  Hoboken,  on  an 
elevated  bluif  of  the  IJudson.  *  , 

B  honing  dale. — A  remarkably  neat  village  of  New 
York  county,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  (he  Hud. 
son,  5  miios  above  the  City  Hall.  An  Orphan's 
Asylum  is  established  here.  The  village  consists 
chiefly  of  country  seats,  and  contains  some  400  in- 
habitants.  About  2  miles  beyond  Bloomingdale,  on 
the  same  side  of  the  river,  is 

Manhattanville. — Containing  about  500  inhab- 
itanls,  an  Episcopal  church,  and  some  extensive 
factories.  Ti'e  New  York  Lvnniic  Asyluvi  occu. 
pies  a  con^manding  position  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  village. 

Harlem  is  situated  2  miles  S.  E.  of  ManhattanvillG, 
on  Harlem  river,  near  its  discharge  into  Long  Island 
sound.  It  is  a  flourishing  village,  with  a  population 
of  1,500,  4  churches,  and  a  superabundance  of 
M  hotels,"  besides  a  commodious  dopAt  belonging  to 
the  New  York  and  Harlem  Railroad  Company,  and 
several  factories.  The  ears  for  Harlem  start  every 
hour  from  the  deput,  N.  E.  of  the  City  Hall. 


■I 


ROUTES  FROM  TflE  CITY  OF  NE W.YORK. 
To  rhiladelplda,  via  S,  Amhny  and  Bordentown. 

\*  PI'  ces  marked  thus  f  are  describeJ  iu  other  parts  of  the  work. 


Steamboat. 
Castle  William,....  1 

Iledlow's  Island,...  1     2 
New  Brighton,  ....  5     7 

Elizabethport, 5  12 

Perth  Amboy, 15  27 

South  Amboy, 2  29 


Eiiilroad. 

Spot? wood, 9  38 

Hightstown,  13  51 

Bordentown, 13  64 

Burlington, 10  74 

Philadelphia, 20  94 


KF.U-YOR! 


TO    PHILADF.LrillA. 


20 


the  Jerspy 
igs ;  beauti- 
okcn,  on  an 

r 

Ingo  of  New 
of  the  Hiid- 
n  Orphan's 
ige  consists 
ome  400  in- 
lingdale,  on 

500  inhab- 
10  extensive 
iylnm  occu- 
hern  part  of 

nhattanvillo, 
Long  Island 
a  population 
>undance  of 
belonging  to 
mpany,  and 
1  start  every 
all. 


t^  W.YORK. 

vdentovm. 

Is  of  the  work. 

oad. 

9  38 

....13  .51 
....13  G4 
10  74 

20  94 


I 


Castle  Willinm,  a  strong  fortress  belonging  to  the 
United  Slates,  situated  on  the  West  side  of  Gover- 
iior's  Island,  and  conslituting  one  of  the  principal 
ilufcnccs  of  the  city  and  harbor  of  New  York.  It 
was  erected  previously  to  the  late  war  with  Great 
Britain  ;  it  is  now  garrisoned  and  well  supplied  with 
ordnance  <>f  great  power. 

liohin'^f  Href. —  A.  ledge  of  rocks  in  New- York 
Bny,  njion  which  a  light-house  has  been  erected  ; 
which,  with 

JJedloir^s  Idand,  also  belongs  to  the  United  States. 
It  is  p'lrmounted  by  a  small  military  work,  cnlled 
Fort  Wood,  designed  to  co-operate  with  Casile  Wd- 
lianis  in  the  defence  of  the  city. 

New  Brightnn.i 

Elizahelhport. — A  very  neat  and  flouriehing  vil- 
Inge  of  New  .lerscy,  whicli  has  recently  started  into 
notice ;  being  at  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Eliz- 
nbethport  and  Somerville  Railroad,  now  in  operation. 
Its  site  was,  until  lately,  known  as  Elizabethtown 
Point,  and  was  the  landing  place  for  Eiizabelhtown, 
which  is  situated  a  few  miles  in  the  interior.  Pop- 
ulation abou'  GUO. 

Perth  Amhoy. — A  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Mid- 
dlesex county.  New  Jersey,  at  the  confluence  of 
Karitan  river  and  Staten  Island  sound.  Popula- 
tion 1,303.  It  derives  its  name  in  part  from  James, 
Earl  of  Perth,  one  of  the  origiiial  proprietors  of  the 
ground  ;  which  was  laid  off  into  town  lots  in  1683, 
and  incorporated  in  1784.  A  large  portion  of  the 
buildings  are  elevated  forty  or  fifty  feet  above  the 
adjacent  bay. 

The  Brighton  House,  a  large  hotel,  erected  here 
several  years  since,  forms  a  striking  object  of  atten- 
tion. Like  many  other  "experiments,"  the  hotel 
failed  to  realise  the  expectations  of  its  proprietors ; 
and  it  is  now  occupied,  during  the  summer  months, 
by  a  wealthy  family  of  New  York. 

South  Amhoy  is  a  mere  landing  place,  where  the 
Camden  and  Amboy  railroad  terminates.     Here  the 

3* 


iidl 


I 


ri 


aa 


ROUTE    FROM 


passengers  lor  lyiiladcliihia  quit  tlic  steamboat  and 
enter  the  cars. 

Spotswood. — A  neat  village  of  Middlesex  County, 
containing  about  150  inhabitantf",  2  churches,  and 
the  usual  i'actorioa,  shops,  &lc. 

Jlig/itatown. — A  tlirivinif  villo'::'';  which,  since 
the  completion  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  railroad, 
has  become  a  place  of  conaidorablo  note.  The  vil- 
lagc  is  rapidly  improviiiu,  by  the  erection  of  many 
neat  and  substantial  buildinnjg,  which  now  amount  to 
Xnore  than  one  hundred,  with  about  700  inhabitanfa. 

JBordeniown. — A  town  in  BurlinLrton  county.  New 
Jersey,  containing  about  1,700  inhabitants.  The 
town  is  situated  on  a  hifth  bank ;  which,  while  it 
gives  it  a  commanding  position,  scrvea  to  obstruct 
its  view  from  the  river.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan 
Canal  has  its  western  termination  hero. 

Joseph  Buonaparte,  many  years  since,  selected 
Bordentown  as  a  place  of  residence,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  somp  yei^rs.  The  buildings  and  grounds 
are  among  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of  the  place. 

Burlington. — A  city  of  New  Jersey,  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware,  containing  3,434  in. 
habitants.  Among  the  buildings  are,  six  places  of 
worship,  a  city  hall,  a  lyceum,  bank,  several  exten- 
sive boarding-schools,  &.c.  The  town  is  regularly 
laid  out,  with  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles.  They  are  mostly  well  built ;  some  with  side 
and  front  lots,  which  serve  to  beautify  the  town  and 
give  it  a  neat  and  airy  appearance.  The  "  bank," 
which  is  chiefly  occupied  by  country  seats  belonging 
to  Philadelphians,  consists  of  a  beautiful  grassy  plane, 
with  a  gentle  inclination  towards  the  river.  Hero  is 
the  residence  of  Biahop  Doane,  a  Gothic  structure, 
surmounted  by  a  cross,  and  resembles  one  of  the 
Catholic  Missionary  stations  of  former  times.  (For 
a  full  description  of  Philadelphia,  see  Tanner's  Cen* 
tral  Traveler. 


I 


INEW-TOUK    TO    nilLADELPlIIA. 


31 


uboal  and 

X  County,  , 
dies,  and 

licb,  since 

y  railroad, 

Tlio  viU 

I  of  many 
amount  to 

laliitanta. 
unty,  New 
mis.     The 
h,  while  it 
to  obstruct 

II  d  Raritan 

e,  selected 
re  he  con- 
id  grounds 
f  the  place, 
situated  on 
g  3,434  in. 
X  places  of 
vcraX  cxten- 
is  regularly 
at  right  an- 
E5  with  side 
e  town  and 
he  "bank," 
ts  belonging 
rassy  plane, 
it.     Here  is 
c  structure, 
one  of  the 
imes.     (For 
mner's  Cen* 


Fio7n  New.  York  (o  riiihtdrlphin,  via  NcicBruna, 
vnck  and  Ticntou,  by  Jiailroad, 


•Teraey  City 

Newark,  8 

Eli7.al)cthtown 5 

Railway 5 

Matoucliin, 9 


1 

9 
14 

19 

'26 


New  Brunswick,. ..  4  .OS 

Princeton 17  49 

Trenton, 10  59 

Pordontown, .'>  G4 

Philadelphia, 30  94 


Jersey  Ciiy.i 

NetBark  — This  is  by  far  the  larorest,  nnd  as  a  man- 
ufacUuing  place,  the  most  important  town,  or  rather 
city,  lor  it  v.i  orjc'inizcd  as  puch,  in  t)ic  Plate  of  New 
Jersey.  Its  population,  accordin,g  to  the  census  of 
1840,  is  17,392,  a  lar<>e  portion  of  which  is  engaged 
in  the  various  rnauulhcturins,  which  al)ound  here  to 
an  unusual  extent.  Newark  was  first  settled  in  IGG6, 
by  people  from  New  England.  It  is  the  scat  of  jus. 
tice  of  Essex  county,  and  may  now  be  regarded  as 
the  metropohs  of  t)ie  state. 

The  Passaic,  hero  a  beautiful  stream,  flows  along 
the  eastern  side  of  the  town,  and  gradually  curves 
towaids  the  east,  in  its  passage  into  Newark  bay, 
three  miles  distant  from  the  city.  The  town  plot, 
except  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Passaic,  is 
elevated  surne  thirty  or  forty  feet  above  the  river; 
and  the  country,  on  the  west,  continues  to  rise  lor  a, 
few  miles,  and  then  descends  in  the  direction  of  Eliz. 
abethtown.  It.s  streets  and  avenues  are  wide,  and 
shaded  by  an  abundance  of  trees,  which  add  greatly 
to  the  beauty  of  the  city  arid  to  the  comfort  of  pas. 
sengers.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  from  a  co. 
pious  spring,  a  short  distance  from  the  town.  The 
commercial  facilities  of  Newark  have  been  greatly 
augmented  of  late,  by  the  completion  of  the  Morris 
Canal,  and  the  various  railroads  which  now  pass 
through  the  city.  These,  superadded  to  the  almost 
innumerable  manufacturing  establishments  in  and 


I 


32 


RCIITE    FROM 


1 


r-- 


about  the  place,  give  it  an  active  and  busiqess-Iike 
appearance,  gn^tifying  alike  to  those  who  are  practi". 
caliy  engaged  in  tlieni,  and  to  those  who  witness  their 
operations. 

Among  the  articles  manufactured  heic,  most  of 
which  arc  sent  to  distant  markets,  may  be  mentioned, 
leather,  saddlery  and  harness,  carriages  and  carriage 
furniture,  hats,  boots  and  shoes,  in  immense  quan- 
tities, brass  and  iron  castings,  soap  and  candles,  tin 
and  sheet-iron  ware,  clothing  of  all  sorts,  Venetian 
blinds,  cabinet  furniture^,  jewelry,  clocks,  tools  and 
agricultural  implements,  ropes  and  cordage,  malt 
liquors,  pottery,  together  with  a  host  of  other  matters, 
"too  numerous  to  mention.'* 

Besides  the  factories,  most  of  which  are  on  a  large 
scale,  there  are  several  breweries,  grist  and  saw  mills, 
dyeing  houses,  and  printing  offices,  each  of  which 
issues  a  newspaper,  &c.  There  are  schools  innu- 
merable, academies,  and  severat  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions.  Of  churches,  the  Episcopalians 
have  two  ;  the  Presbyterians  five  ;  th^  Baptists  two  ; 
the  Dutch  Reformed  one  ;  the  Methodists  three  ;  and 
the  Roman  Catholics  one.  The  other  public  build- 
ings are  the  court  house,  county  offices,  three  banks, 
and  the  immense  depdt  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad 
Company. 

Situated  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  hos- 
tile armies,  the  people  of  Newark  were  kept  in  a  con- 
stant state  of  alarm  during  the  revolutionary  struggle. 
On  one  occasion  the  British  sent  from  New. York  a 
detachment  consisting  .of  five  hundred  men,  who 
burnt  the  academy  and  committed  other  excessey. 
They  were,  however,  induced  to  quit  the  town  before 
they  could  accomplish  the  destruction  of  the  place, 
which,  no  doubt,  was  their  object. 

Elizabethtown. — A  beautiful  town,  situated  on 
Elizabeth  creek,  in  Essex  county,  containing  about 
five  hundred  buildings  and  3,000  inhabitants.  It  is  a 
borough  town,  and  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  state,  its 


NEW-YORK   TO    PHILADELPHIA. 


33 


site  having  been  purchased  from  the  Indians  by  a 
company  from  Long  Island,  so  early  as  the  year 
1664.  Owing  to  its  contiguity  to  New- York,  the 
quiet  of  Elizabethtown  was  frequently  disturbed  by 
the  contending  parties  during  the  revolutionary  war. 
In  one  of  these  conflicts,  a  resident  clergyman  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  was  killed,  after  witnessing  the 
destruction  of  his  church,  which  was  burnt  by  the 
British.  Thtrc  is  in  this  town  an  unusual  proportion 
of  handsome  dwellings  and  churches;  which,  with 
the  wide  and  regular  streets,  impart  an  air  of  great 
neatness  and  beauty  to  the  place,  and  render  it  a 
very  desirable  residence. 

I  The  Elizabethport  and  Somervillc  railroad,  as 
well  as  that  from  Jersey  City  to  New  Brunswick, 
pass  through  the  town.  These,  with  turn])ikcs  and 
several  good  common  roads,  afford  extensive  facil- 
ities for  conveying  to  market  the  agricultural  pro- 
ducts and  manufactures  o(  the  town  and  adjacent 
country. 

ivmong  ilie' latter  may  be  nlCntiAnpdji.  oil-doth, 
eartl«nware,  ropes  and  cordage,  cotton  bagsin^  -tiS. 
and  sheet-iron  ware,  clocks,  carriages,  leather,  iron 
castings,  steam  engines,  and  machinery  of  all  kinds. 
The  place  is  also  provided  with  several  literary,  sci- 
entific, and  benevolent  institutes,  which  afford  to  the 
inhabitants  the  means  of  intellectual  enjoyment  and 
moral  culture,  amid  the  busy  scenes  of  their  daily 
occupation. 

With  all  these  advantages,  it  is  scarcely  necessary 
for  us  to  add  that  Elizabethtown  is  a  flourishing 
place, 

llahway. — A  large  and  thriving  town  of  Middlesex 
county,  formed  by  the  union  of  sevoial  villages. 
One  of  these  was  formerly  colled  "  Bridgetown  ;" 
but  as  there  was  anotlier  Britlgptown  in  the  state, 
the  legislature,  by  special  enactment,  united  the 
whole,  under  the  name  of  Kahway,  .after  the  river 
upon   whoso  banks  they  are  tjituatcd  ;   by  which 


3i 


ROUTE   EROM 


name  they  are  now  n;??nera]ly  known;  Tiieir  unl(ed 
population  is  2,533,  originoUy  from  New  England. 
The  Presbyterians,  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Friends 
have  places  of  worship  here.  That  of  the  Presbyte- 
rians is  a  beautiful  structure.  Among  the  liberal 
institutions  of  the  place,  which  possesses  many,  there 
are  a  public  library,  an  "Athenean  Academy,"  so 
called,  a  fine  building,  erected  by  a  company  ex- 
pressly for  the  institution,  which  partakes,  in  some 
measure,  of  the  nature  of  a  high  school.  There  are, 
also,  Sunday  schools  attached  to  most  of  the  churches; 
six  or  eight  well  conducted  public  schools,  a  bank,  a 
printing  office,  from  which  a  weekly  newspaper  is 
issued.  If  the  people  of  Rahway  have  been  thus 
liberal  in  providing  means  fir  the  moral  and  intellec- 
tual improvement  of  tiieir  youth,  they  have  been  no 
Jess  so  in  the  erection  and  embellishment  of  their 
dwellings,  which  present  a  remarkably  neat  appear, 
ancc.  Rahway  may  be,  with  truth,  styled  a  man- 
ufacturing place.  Establishments  on  an  extensive 
scale  arejn^&ny -operation  here.  The  manufactures 
-ttrirftist  of  silk  printing,  carriages  and  carriagesfurni- 
ture,  hats,  shoes,  clothing,  clocks,  earthenware,  and 
cotton  goods. 

Matouchin.—A  mere  hamlet  of  Middlesex  county, 
containing  about  twenty  buildings.  It  is,  however, 
situated  in  the  centre  of  a  populous  and  fertile  coun- 
try; which,  from  the  numerous  buildings,  may  be 
regarded  as  an  extended  village. 

New  Brunswick. — This  place  is  situated  in  the 
counties  of  Somerset  and  Middlesex,  and  is  the  seat 
of  justice  of  the  latter.  It  is  an  incorporated  city, 
and  next  to  Newark  tlie  largest  town  in  the  state. 
It  is  situated  on  the  right  baok  of  the  Raritan,  about 
twelve  miles  above  Aniboy  bay.  Its  population  is 
8,693,  and  the  number  of  buildings  is  about  twelve 
hundred.  The  pubhc  buildings,  &c.,  consist  of  the 
court-house  and  its  appendages,  college  edifice  (Rut- 
gers' College)  and  grammar  school,  an  Episcopal 


NEW-YORK    TO    PHILADELPHIA. 


35 


'heir  unifed 
V  England, 
nd  Friends 
0  Presbyte- 

tlie  liberal 
nany,  there 
ademy,"  so 
mpany  cx- 
s,  in  some 
There  are, 
3  chnrchesi 
,  a  bank,  a 
wspaper  is 

been  thus 
nd  intellec- 
ve  been  no 
nt  of  their 
cat  appear, 
ed  a  man- 
i  extensive 
mufactures 
riagesfurni- 
[iware,  and 

5ex  county, 
3,  however, 
ertilo  coun- 
ts, may  be 

ited  in  the 

is  the  scat 

orated  city, 

the  state. 

■itan,  about 

pulation  is 

3ont  twelve 

nsist  of  the 

Jifice  (Rut- 

Episcopal 


church,  a  Presbyterian  church,  a  Baptist  church, 
Catholic  chapel,  two  Methodist  churches,  one  Dutch 
Reformed  church,  two  academies,  some  incorporated 
schools,  several  common  schools,  and  two  banks. 
In  addition  to  the  splendid  viaduct  of  the  New  Jer- 
sey Railroad,  there  is  a  fine  wooden  bridge  across 
the  Raritan,  one  thousand  feet  long,  with  double 
ways.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  terminates, 
and  the  JMew  .Jersey  Railroad  and  that  to  Trenton 
unite  here.  These  railroads  form  an  important  hnk 
in  the  great  north  and  south  line,  which  will,  ere 
long,  extend  without  interruption,  from  Portsmouth, 
in  New  Hampshire,  to  New  Orleans,  Pensacola,  &c. 
Some  of  the  buildings  have  an  antiquated  appear, 
ance,  having  been  erected  on  the  first  settlement  of 
the  place,  in  1713,  which  was  then  called  "  Prig- 
morc's  swamp."  Tho?e  built  by  the  Dutch  colony, 
which  emigrated  from  Albany,  though  of  a  more  re. 
cent  date,  are  no  less  remarkable,  not  only  in  their 
pcci!l""''  construction,  but  also  from  their  position, 
haviiii,  "'••  gable  ends  fronting  on  the  streets.  Al- 
bany >  I  nay  bo  readily  distinguished  by  its  char. 
acferiE.  '<"  '.lices.  Constant  communication  between 
New  Brunswick  and  the  city  of  New  York  is  afforded 
by  several  steamboats,  railroads,  and  turnpikes. 
There  are  also  excellent  turnpike  and  common  roads 
leading  in  every  direction,  by  which  the  city  of  New 
Brunswick  enjoys  considerable  commerce,  not  only 
in  the  agricultural  products  of  the  contiguous  country, 
but  also  in  the  manufactures  of  its  numerous  work- 
shops. 

Princeton. — This  nttractive  little  town  has  been 
long  celebrated  as  the  seat  of  Nassau  Hall,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  respectable  colleges  in  the  coun. 
try.  It  contains  also  a  theologicel  seminary,  estab. 
lished  some  years  since,  by  the  Presbyterians.  Both 
institutions  are  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  are 
successfully  prosecuting  the  objects  which  they  have 
in  view. 


M 


36 


ROUTE   FROM 


Princeton,  by  the  new  arrangement  of  counties,  is 
embraced  within  the  limits  of  Mercer  coumy,  and 
lies  a  small  distance  to  the  north  of  the  railroad  to 
New  Brunswick.  Its  position  is  considered  one  of 
the  most  salubrious  in  the  state,  being  considerably 
elevated  above  the  surrounding  country,  and  of  course 
is  free  from  those  exhalations  common  to  low  lands. 
Princeton  is  an  incorporated  town,  and  contains 
about  three  hundred  and  thirty  buildings,  with  3,055 
inhabitants,  including  the  inmates  of  both  colleges. 
There  are  five  places  of  public  worship,  and  several 
schools  of  a  high  order,  for  both  males  and  females. 
Whether  we  rcgnrd  the  position  of  the  town,  its  neat 
and  attractive  dwellings,  or  the  general  intelligence 
of  its  inhabitants,  wo  know  not  a  more  desirable 
place  of  residence  than  Princeton. 

One  of  the  most  important  incidents  of  the  revolu^ 
tion  occurred  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  town.  On 
the  night  of  January  3d,  1777,  the  American  and 
British  armies  lay  encamped  on  opposite  banks  of 
the  Assanpink  creek,  near  Trenton.  The  British 
commander,  confident  of  success  in  the  coming  con- 
flict, only  awaited  the  approach  of  day  to  begin  the 
*vork  of  destruction.  In  this  critical  situation,  and 
tnenaced  by  a  force  every  way  superior  to  his  own, 
Washington  determined  to  abandon  his  position  on 
the  Assanpink,  and  by  a  circuitous  march  along  the 
left  flank  of  the  enemy,  fall  into  their  rear  at  Prince- 
ton. When  it  was  dark  the  army,  leaving  its  fires 
lighted,  and  the  sentinels  on  the  margin  of  the  creek, 
decamped  with  perfect  secrecy.  About  sunrise,  two 
British  regiments,  that  wcro  on  their  march  to  join 
the  rear  of  the  British  army  at  Lawrence,  fell  in  with 
the  van  of  the  Americans,  conducted  by  General 
Mercer,  and  a  very  sharp  action  ensued.  The  ad- 
vanced  party  of  Americans,  composed  chiefly  of  mi- 
litia, soon  gave  way,  and  trie  few  regulars  attached 
to  them  could  not  maintain  their  ground.  General 
Mercer,  while  ^aliiiutly  e^vcrting  himself  to  rally  his 


NEW-YORK    TO    riIILAl>Ji.i,i-.,i a 


ounties,  IS 
uniy,  and 
railroad  to 
red  one  of 
nsiderably 
d  of course 
low  lands. 
1  contains 
with  3,055 
fi  colleges, 
nd  several 
d  females, 
^'n,  its  neat 
ntelligence 
s  desirable 

the  revolu- 

own.     On 

jrican  and 

!  banks  of 

'he  British 

iming  con- 

I  begin  tho 

ation,  and 

0  his  own, 

)osition  on 

along  the 

at  Prince- 

g  its  fires 

the  creek, 

inrise,  two 

rch  to  join 

ell  in  with 

General 

The  ad. 

efly  of  mi, 

attached 

General 

rally  his 


broken  troops,  received  a  mortal  wound.  General 
Washington,  however.who  followed  close  in  their  rear, 
now  led  on  the  main  body  of  the  army,  and  attacked 
tho  enemy  with  great  spirit.  While  he  exposed  him- 
self to  their  hottest  fire,  he  was  so  well  supported  by 
the  fcatne  troops  which  had  aided  him  a  few  days  bo- 
fore  in  the  victory  at  Trenton,  that  the  British  were 
compelled  to  give  way,  and  Washington  pressed  for- 
ward to  Princeton.  A  party  of  the  British,  that  had 
taken  refuge  in  the  college,  after  receiving  a  few  dis- 
charges from  the  American  ficld-piccos,  surrendered 
themselves  prisoners  of  war;  but  the  principal  part 
of  the  regiment  that  was  left  ihcre  saved  itself  by  a 
precipitate  retreat  to  Brunswick.  In  this  action  up. 
wards  of  a  hundred  of  the  British  were  killed  and 
nearly  three  hundred  were  taken  prisoners.  Great 
was  the  surprise  of  Lord  Cornvvallis  when  the  report 
of  the  artillery  at  Princeton,  and  the  arrival  of  breath- 
less messengers,  apprised  liiin  that  the  enemy  was  in 
the  rear.  Alarmed  by  the  danger  of  his  position, 
he  commenced  a  retreat ;  and  being  harassed  by  the 
militia  and  the  country  people,  who  had  suffered  by 
the  outrages  perpetrated  by  his  troops  on  their  ad- 
vance, he  did  not  deem  himself  in  safety  until  he  ar- 
rived at  Brunswick  ;  from  whence,  by  means  of  the 
Raritaii,  he  had  communication  with  Nev*^  York. 

Trenton. — The  capital  of  the  State  of  New. Jersey, 
is  situated  on  the  left  or  cast  bank  of  the  Delaware, 
in  Mercer  county,  of  wliich  it  is  the  seat  of  justice, 
twenty-eight  miles  north-cast  from  Philadelphia,  and 
fifty-nine  south,. west  of  New  York.  Its  site  is  im- 
mediately upon  the  mouth  of  the  Assanpink,  near  the 
lower  falls  of  the  Delaware.  It  is  approached  from 
the  Pennsylvania  side  by  a  fine  bridge  of  five  arches, 
supported  by  stone  piers  and  abutnifints.  There  are 
now  about  1,000  buildings  of  every  sort,  and  4,035 
inhabitants.  The  place  was  incorporated  as  a  city 
on  the  13th  November,  17S2.  Its  public  buildings, 
and  other  objects  of  curiosity,  consist  of  the  Stat<5 


h  ■iJ 


38 


ROUTE    FROM 


House  or  Lcgfislativc  Hall,  Governor's  House,  County 
Offices,  fcftate  Pnsun,  and  City  Hall. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  there  arc  in  and  about 
Trenton,  several  beautiful  churches,  two  banking 
houses,  an  academy,  many  boarding-schools,  a  vast 
number  of  common  schools,  and  other  institutions  of 
a  puWic  nature  ;  together  with  the  usual  complement 
of  stores,  taverns,  manufactories,  cotton  mills,  print- 
ing  offices,  some  of  which  issue  weekly  journals ; 
several  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  in 
short,  all  other  components  that  constitute  a  little 
city  such  as  Trenton. 

Among  the  leading  avenues  of  trade  possessed  by 
Trenton,  those  by  the  canals  and  railroads  are  the 
most  important.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal, 
from  Bordentown  to  New  Brunswick,  and  its  nav- 
igable feeder,  pass  through  Trenton  ;  whence  rail- 
roads extend  to  Philadelphia  and  New  Brunswick  ; 
and  another,  which  intersects  the  Camden  and  Am- 
boy  railroad,  a  short  distance  from  Bordentown. 

The  manufacturing  facilities  of  the  city  have,  of 
late,  been  materially  improved.  A  company,  incor- 
porated in  1831,  has  just  completed  a  short  canal  and 
mill-race  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  by  which  a  valuable 
water  power  is  afforded,  and  now  extensively  and 
profitably  employed. 

The  name  of  Trenton  occupies  a  prominent  place 
in  the  annals  of  our  revolution.  It  was  here,  in  1776, 
that  General  Washington,  with  five  thousand  five 
hundred  men,  after  crossing  the  Delaware,  amid  all 
the  dangers  of  an  inclement  night,  attacked  the 
British  forces,  under  Colonel  Rahl,  who  was  mor- 
tally wounded  by  the  first  fire.  His  men,  in  the  ut- 
most dismay,  attempted  to  file  ofl^ towards  Princeton  ; 
but  General  Washington  perceiving  their  intention, 
moved  a  i)ortion  of  his  troops  into  the  road  in  front, 
and  thus  frustrated  their  design. 

Their  artillery  having  been  seized,  and  the  Anier- 
icane  pressing  upon  them,  they  surrendered.    Many 


NEW-YORK   TO   KASTON,   PA. 


39 


ie,  County 

xnd  about 
banking 
ols,  a  vast 
itutions  of 
mplerneiit 
ills,  print, 
journals ; 
i,  and  in 
te  a  little 

sessed  by 
Is  are  the 
an  Canal, 
d  its  nav- 
ence  rail, 
unswick ; 
and  Am- 
town. 
y  have,  of 
ny,  incor- 
canal  and 
a  valuable 
iively  and 

ent  place 
,  in  1776, 
sand  five 

amid  all 
eked  the 
was  mor- 
n  the  ut. 
rinceton ; 
ntention, 

in  front, 

le  Anier- 
Many 


of  the  Hessians  were  killed — a  thousand  were  made 
prisoners — while  a  few  escaped  and  fled  in  the  direc- 
tion of  13ordontown.  Of  the  American  troops  only 
two  were  killed  and  two  frozen  to  death.  Wash, 
ington,  soon  after  this  brilliant  affair,  re-crossed  the 
Delaware  with  his  prisoners,  six  pieces  of  artillery, 
a  thousand  stand  of  arms,  and  some  military  stores, 

Bristol. — A  beautiful  village,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Delaware,  nearly  '^oposite  to  Burlington. 
Its  high  and  commancji  g  j  in  early  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  firs-  ttler^  nd  a  town,  calie  l 
Buckingham,  was  laid  off,  and  subsequently  incor. 
porated  by  Sir  William  Kieth,  in  J  720,  under  tha 
name  of  Bristol. 

Among  the  numerous  attractions  of  this  beautiful 
spot  are  two  mineral  springs,  at  which  buildings,  for 
the  accommodation  of  visiters,  were  erected  some 
years  since,  and  dignified  by  the  name  of  Bath. 
Bristol  contains  at  present  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dwellings,  with  1,734  inhabitants,  a  bank,  sev- 
eral places  of  worship,  a  masonic  lodge,  &c. 

The  houses,  es[)ecial!y  those  021  the  immediate 
bank  of  the  river,  present  a  remarkably  neat  and 
handsome  appearance.  The  Delaware  division  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Canal  terminates  here,  in  a  spa. 
cious  basin,  which  communicates  with  the  Delaware 
river.  This  canal,  with  the  Lehigh  Company's 
Canal,  forms  an  uninterrupted  water  communica* 
tion  with  the  anthracite  coal  region  of  Northampton 
coufity. 

Bordentown.f 


From  New.  York  to  Eofiton,  Pa.,  via  Morrisville  and 
Schooleifs  Mountain  Springs. 

Newark,  by  rail-road,  10 

Morrisiown,      do         20  30 

Mendliam,  by  stage, 7  37 

Chester,...  do     5  42 


40 


ROUTE    FROM 


li. 


German  Valley,  by  •;;age, 5    47 

Schooley's  M.  Springs,  by  stage,  ...  3    50 


insfield, 
Easton. 


do 


9     59 
74 


Newark.f 


31orristoicn.—'SeB.t  ofjui,..cc  of  Morris  county,  and 
one  of  the  most  populous  and  thriving  towns  of  New 
Jersey.  It  is  beautifully  situatnd  on  an  elevated 
plain,  which  rises  gradually  from  the  river  bank. 

Most  of  the  public  buildings,  and  some  of  the  best 
dwellings,  face  an  open  square  in  the  centre  of  the 
town.  There  are,  besides  the  buildings  devoted  to 
county  purposes,  several  handsome  churches,  an 
academy,  and  a  due  proportion  of  stores,  manufac* 
tories,  workshops,  and  taverns  ;  grist,  paper  and  saw 
mills.  There  are  also  printing  offices,  from  which 
weekly  journals  are  issued  i  Sunday  schools,  a  bible 
society,  a  temperanco  society,  and  several  institutiona 
of  a  like  description.  With  but  few  exceptions,  the 
houses  are  well  built;  each  is  surrounded  by  culti- 
vated gardens,  which  impart  to  the  place  an  air  of 
niuch  rural  beauty.  By  means  of  pipes  laid  in  the 
streets,  most  of  the  w  cr  used  in  the  town  is  brought 
from  a  never-failing  ug,  about  two  miles  distant. 
The  Morris  and  Esb.,x  railroad,  twenty  miles  in 
length,  from  Newark,  terminates  here.  Population 
4,01.3. 

Mendham. — A  village  of  Morris  county,  contain- 
ing a  Presbyterian  church,  a  boarding-school,  several 
stores,  mills,  and  about  sixty  dwellings.  Population 
1.378. 

Chester. — A  village  of  I\Torris  county,  containing 
forty  or  fifty  buildings,  including  two  churches, 
which  extends  for  nearly  a  mile  along  the  road  from 
Easton  to  Morrisville.     Population  1,3:21. 

German  Valley,  a  small  scltlcmont  in  Mor:;ia 
county,  oa  the  south  branch  of  the  Raritan. 


^ 


f 


NEW-YORK    TO    EASTON. 


41 


)    47 

J    50 

\    74 


Junty,  and 

lis  of  New 

I  elevated 

bank. 

3t'the  best 

lire  of  the 

levoted  ta 

irclies,  an 

manufac* 

rand  saw 

0111  which 

Is,  a  bible 

istitutiona 

)tioiis,  the 

by  culti- 

an  air  of 

aid  in  the 

3  brought 

distant. 

miles  in 

opulation 

contain- 
1,  severa! 
3pulation 


mtaniing 
Imrches, 
3 ad  from 


M 


orria 


Schoolcifs  Mountain  Springs. — A  celebrated  place 
of  resort  of  invalids  and  others,  in  pearch  of  health 
or  pleasure.  The  water  of  these  ppriiigs,  which  are 
situated  in  a  small  depression  of  iMusconicong  moun- 
tain, in  Morris  county,  N.J.,  is  chalybeate,  is  strong- 
ly marked  by  the  usual  ferruirinous  iniprcg;iations, 
and  the  other  characteristics  of  such  springs.  They 
are  used  to  gicat  advantage  in  chronic  cases  and  gen- 
eral debility.  Independent  of  the  benefit  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  use  of  the  wntors,  the  efreat  elevation 
of  the  springs  (nearly  1,100  feet,)  produces  an  agree- 
able temperature,  which  braces  and  invigorates  the 
frame.  T'lie  accommodations  here  arc  in  no  way 
inferior  to  other  establishments  of  ;hc  kind  elsewhere. 
There  arc  three  extensive  hotels,  besides  several  pri. 
vate  boarding  houses,  which  a'fjrd  to  visitors  the 
opportunity  of  selecting  the  location  most  congenial 
to  th(;ir  wishes. 

M(inf<field. — A  pretty  little  villnge  of  forty  or  fifty 
buildings  in  W^arien  county,  New  Jersey.  Jtissup. 
plied  with  water  by  means  of  pipes,  which  conduct 
it  to  several  fountains  in  the  village. 

Eastoit. — This  is  by  far  the  largest  and  most  im- 
portant town  in  this  section  of  the  state,  and  is  the 
scat  of  justice  of  Northampton  county.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a  borough  in  l^eiitnmber,  1789,  and 
now  contains  a  population  of  5,510.  The  town  is 
situated  on  a  point  of  land  farmed  by  the  Delaware 
and  ijchigh  rivers  and  the  Bushkill  creek.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and 
along  the  cardinal  points.  The  lower  part  of  the 
town,  near  the  Delaware,  is  on  an  elevated  level,  but 
the  western  extremity  rises  by  a  gradual  acclivity,  to 
a  considerable  elevation. 

There  are  within  the  boundaries  of  the  borough, 
three  oil  mills,  six  grist  mills,  two  saw  mills,  two  dis- 
tilleries, three  tan-yards  and  tanneries,  one  brewery, 
and  thirty-one  dry-goods  and  hardware  stores.  A 
library  formed  in  18II,  containing  about  four  thou- 

4* 


42 


llOUTE    FROM 


; 


! 


I 


i  ij 


Band  volumes.  A  mincralogical  cabinet.  A  college 
calloii  the  Lafayette  College,  in  which  the  ifiarned 
laiigiiages,  &c.  are  taught.  Several  places  of  public 
worship.  A  court-house,  erected  1758.  Four  fine 
bridj^es  ;  one  over  the  Delaware,  a  inoat  substantial 
structure,  erected  at  an  expense  of  j^8U,0l)0 ;  one,  a 
chain  bridge,  over  the  l.ehigh,  an  the  Philadelphia 
Fond;  and  two  over  the  liuslikill.  Theie  are  two 
banks,— one  tlxe  Kastou  Bank,  with  a  capital  of 
$40,000. 


JFioin  New.  York  to  Passaic  F.Us,  hi/  railroad. 

Jersey  City, 1 

Bergen 2     3i 

Acquackanonk, 9  I'i 

Pp.tcrson  and  the  Falls 5  17 

Jersey  City.f 
BergcnA 

Acq^dcTianonk. — A  village  of  Passaic  county,  sit- 
uated on  the  right  bank  of  the  Passaic,  12  miles  N.  W. 
from  New- York.  It  contains  two  places  of  worship, 
one  cotton  factory  and  about  450  inhabitants,  who. 
are  chie'ly  engaged  in  manufacturing. 

Passaic  palls. — This  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
which  presents  an  unbroken  fall  of  fifty  feet.  It  is 
situated  at  the  town  of  Paterson,  on  the  Pai-saic  river, 
whose  hanks  here  are  near'y  vertical.  The  water 
in  its  passage,  through  the  lapse  of  ages,  has  worn  a 
deep  chasm  in  the  solid  rock,  which  is  obviously 
retreating,  as  the  abraided  banks  below  testify.  No 
spectacle  can  be  more  imposing  than  is  presented  by 
the  falling  liquid,  as  it  glides  gently  over  the  brow  of 
the  precipice.  'J'he  town  of  Paterson  is  admirably 
si'  uated  fur  manufacturing  purposes  at  the  falls,  wiiich 
afford  a  constant  and  abundant  supply  of  water  for 
tho  vast  number  of  factories  in  operation  in  the  town. 


NEW-YORK   TO   ALBANY. 


43 


which  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  manufactur- 
ing places  in  tlie  United  States.  The  numb»!r  of 
buildings  at  present  in  Paterson  and  New  Manches- 
ter, an  adjoining  village,  is  upwards  of  one  thuusaud, 
and  that  of  thu  inhabitants,  7,598.  Here  are  Fres. 
byterians,  both  of  the  old  and  new  schools ;  Dutch 
Kcformed,  Roman  Catholics,  Episcopalians,  Bap. 
tists,  Methodists,  Seceders,  Lutlierans,  Friends, 
Universulidts,  Unitarians,  &c.  There  are  in  the  town 
a  society  for  the  promotion  of  literature  and  science, 
which  has  an  excellent  library,  a  Mechanics*  Instj. 
tute,  a  Museum,  a  Circulating  Library,  a  Pubhc  Li. 
brary,  and  some  other  institutions  of  a  similar  de. 
scription. 


I 


5 

7 
5 


Houte  up  the  Hudson,  to  Albany,  by  st  am.hoat. 

Towns  on  the  West  bank.       Towns,  Sec.  on  the  East  bank. 

Blooniingdale  ....  6 

Manhattanvilie...  2  8 

Spuyten  DuyvelC.  5  13 

Yonkers 4  17 

Hastings  3  20 

Dobbs'  Ferry 2  22 

Tarrytown 5  27 

Sing  Sing 6  33 

Teller's  Point,  }  „  qc 

Croton,  \-  '^  "^^ 

Verplrnck  City  .,.  6  41 

PeekskiH 3  44 

Anthony'sNoseMt  2  46 

Sugar-loafMt 4  50 

Cold  Spring 4  54 

Bui;  Mt 2  5G 

Brenk-neck  Mt..,.  1  57 

Fishkill  Land'g,  )  4  gi 
or  Martinsville,  ) 

Hamburg, .........  G  67 


29 
36 
41 
44 


Iloboken 1 

Wehawk 2      3 

Bull's  Ferry 3       6 

Fort  Lee 4     10 

Piermont 14    24 

Nyack 

Warren 

Stony  Point 

Caldwell's  Landing 
Fort  Clinton  ^ 

Fort  Montgomery  > 
Bare  Mount  j 

Fort  Putnam     ) 
West  Point        \"' 
Crovvs'-nest  Mt. ... 

Butter  Hill 

New  Windsor 

Nevvburg 

Marlboro' 

Milton 


4     48 


4  52 

3  55 

1  56 

3  59 

2  Gl 
6  67 

4  71 


44 


ROUTli    I'ROM 


Towns  oil  the  West  bank. 


Towns,  ftc.  oil  the  East  Iinnk. 


m 


%  I 


I!     ' 

;      I 


t  i 


1  , 


n% 


I 

■  I 

i 

'-1 


NewPulizLandin;;  3     74  nariio?iit 4     71 


Pelham  

Columbus    ) 
Kingston     ^    *" 

Gln.sgo\v 10 

Bristol 2 

Catskill 1) 

Athens   5 

Coxackic  8 

New  Baltimore  ....  7 

Cooymans 2 

Albany  12 


84  Poii^lilvocpsle 


3     74 


6    90 


IlydcPark (J     80 

Ktatcsbiirg 5     85 

Riivnbeck 5    90 


Barrytowii,  or    ) 
Rod  [look  L  L.  S 


97 

100 


lOU 

102 

HI 

IIG  Tivoli,   or   Red  ) 

124         Hook  U.  L.  J 

131  Sauircrtics 1  101 

133  Hudson  15  IIG 

145  Coluinliiaville  ....  5 
Kiiulcrhouk  lan'g     6 

Schodack  8 

Castleton    2 


121 
127 
135 
137 
145 


"^Groenbush 8 

HoboJcen.i  see  "  Environs  of  New- York,"  p.  27. 

Wehawk.f 

Blooming  dale. \ 

Manhattanville.f 

BulVs  Ferry. — A  noted  ferry  across  the  Hudson. 

Fort  Lee. — Tliis  fort,  which,  with  Fort  Wasliing- 
ton  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  was  the  scene 
of  important  mihtary  operations  during  the  rcvolu- 
tionary  war.  A  large  body  of  American  militia  sta- 
tioned  here,  in  atteinpling  to  retreat,  were  ovpipow- 
ered  by  a  vastly  superior  force,  consisting  chieily  of 
Hessians,  wlien  they  were  either  slain  or  consigned 
to  the  prison  ships,  a  fate  more  terrific  than  death 
itself.  The  site  of  Fort  Lee  is  upwards  of  3U0  above 
the  water.  A  hotel  at  the  landing  is  much  frequented. 
A  few  miles  below  Fort  Lee,  commences  the  Pali- 
sades, a  lofty  basaltic  wall,  which  extends  for  twen- 
ty miles  up  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson.  They  are 
nearly  vertical,  and  range  from  200  to  500  feet  in 
height.  The  columns,  which  are  divided  into  seg- 
ments, admirably  fitted  to  each  other,  arc  altogether 


I 


I 


I  i  W 


NEW-YORK    TO    ALBANY. 


45 


5  85 
5  90 

7  97 
3  100 


.  5  121 
6  127 
.  8  135 
.  2  137 
.  8  145 

p.  27. 


^ 


of  n  coarser  texture  than  most  other  similar  forma, 
tiunsi,  thuuKh.  in  sotno  parts,  the  angles  arc  equally 
perfect  and  well  (Jefineii. 

Spiiyten  Dui/ofI  Creek. — An  inconsiderable  open, 
inf,'  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson,  which,  witii  Har. 
Ijpin  river,  separates  the  island  of  Mew. York  from 
the  main  land  of  Westcht  ster  county. 

Kinffi^bridge, — A  sort  of  rialto  among  the  New, 
Yorkers,  crosses  the  strait  a  short  distonce  from  the 
Hudson. 

Yunkers. — A  pleasant  village  of  Westchester  coun, 
ty,  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Saw-mill  creek.  It  is 
built  mostly  on  the  river  bank,  which,  being  some, 
what  elevated,  commands  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and 
the  palisades  opposite.  Besides  the  two  churches,  an 
academy  and  several  taverns  and  store  houses,  there 
are  upwards  of  75  dwellings,  and  a  population  of 
about  500. 

Ilu.'itinira. — A  small  village  and  landing,  of  the 
same  county,  consisting  of  15  or  20  buildings  of  va- 
rious sorts,  including  one  hotel,  a  button  factory,  &c. 

Dobbs*  Ferry  is  a  small  settlement  and  public  land. 
inu  in  Westchester  county,  with  a  ferry  to  the  oppo, 
site  side  of  the  Hudson. 

Fiermont,  formerly  Tappan  Sloat — This  village 
having  been  selected  for  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  N . 
York  and  Erie  rail-road,  the  secluded  little  Dutch  set- 
tlement of  the  "Sloat,"  which  had  reposed  in  peace 
and  quietness  for  a  century  or  mora,  has  received 
the  classic  soubriquet  of  "  Piermont,**  and  is  now  an 
important  town  of  Rockland  county.  Such  has  been 
the  elTect  of  this  movement  upon  the  unsophisticated 
village,  that  its  site  is  now  covered  by  handsome 
public  and  private  edifices,  which  form  a  stii;  i  «>.; 
contrast  with  the  little  Dutch  houses  of  its  prinu  ive 
inhabitants. 

'I'here  are  in  the  town  upwards  of  150  buildings, 
including  two  or  three  churches,  and  a  population  of 
about  1,100.   A  pier  about  one  mile  in  1  length,  which 


I. 


46 


ROUTE    FROM 


forms  the  commencement  of  the  lail-road  just  men. 
tioned,  extends  over  the  flats  to  a  commodious  dock, 
near  the  channel  of  the  river.  The  iSew.York  and 
Erie  rail-road  will,  when  completed,  exfend  to  Dun. 
kirk,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  a  distance 
of  450  miUe.  It  is  now  in  use  as  far  as  Goshen,  with 
whichdaily  communication  is  had.  Tlie  little  village  of 
Tappan,  which  is  situated  two  miles  westofPiermout, 
is  well  known  as  the  place  of  execution  of  Major 
Andr6,  whose  remains  were  a  few  years  since  trans- 
ferred to  England,  his  native  country.  Two  miles 
below  Piermont,  commences, 

Tappan  Sea. — An  expansion  of  the  Hudson,  about 
ten  miles  in  length  and  four  in  breadth,  having  Tarry, 
town  and  Singsing  on  its  east  margin,  and  Piermont 
and  Nyack  on  the  west. 

Tarrytnwn  is  u  large  and  well  built  town,  with 
about  1,100  inhabitants.  This  is  the  town  in  which 
Major  Andre  was  taken  by  the  "Cow-boys,"  Paul, 
ding,  Williams  and  Van  Wart,  after  his  conference 
with  Arnold. 

Sleepy  Hollow  is  a  little  to  the  north  of  Tarrytown. 

Nyack. — A  village  ol  Rockland  county,  containing 
about  050  inhabitants,  three  or  four  churches,  and  the 
usual  complement  of  taverns,  shops,  &.c. 

Singsing — An  incorporated  town  o(  Westchester 
county,  situated  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Tappan  bay, 
near  Teller's  point.  It  was  founderl  in  1796,  and 
derives  its  na<ne  from  the  indian  terms  Ossin  sing, 
(stony  ground,)  a  most  apposite  name,  t^ingsing  be- 
ing celebrated  for  its  marble  (juarries,  as  the  ground 
plot  consists  of  a  plain  which  declines  rapidly  as  it 
approaches  the  river,  nearly  every  buildin^r  may  be 
seen  in  passing.  licsides  the  state  prison  near  the 
water's  edge,  there  are  4  churches,  (5  public  houses, 
one  ship  yard,  one  iron  foundry,  an  academy,  a  hand- 
fiome  marble  bnilding,  and  about  350  dwellings,  with 
about  2,500  inhabitants. 

The  Stale  Frison,  in  the  «outIicrn  part  of  the  towni 


NEW-YOnK   TO    ALBANY. 


47 


1 


i 


is  an  immence  pile,  resembling  military  barracks. 
Tiie  principal  building,  which  is  occupied  exclusively 
by  the  men,  is  480  feet  long,  44  wide  and  5  stories 
high,  and  contains  1,000  cells.  The  females  are  placed 
in  another  building,  which  stands  upon  the  high 
ground  in  the  rear. 

Croton  river. — From  which  the  city  of  New- York 
is  supplied  with  water,  has  its  principal  fountain  in 
Dutchess  county,  and  after  a  S.  W.  course  of  45  miles, 
enters  the  Hudson  a  short  distance  above  Singsing. 
It  is  a  beautiful  stream,  whose  waters  are  so  pure  and 
transparent,  that  its  pebbly  bottom  may  be  seen  at  a 
considerable  depth. 

The  Aqueduct,  which  conveys  the  water  to  the 
city,  is  a  most  splendid  work,  not  surpassed  in  mag- 
nitude, by  any  similar  structure  of  either  ancient  or 
modern  tiin(;s.  Its  transverse  section  in  the  clear  is 
nine  feet  high,  and  seven  and  a  half  feet  wide,  its  sides 
have  an  inclination  <if  about  1  in  7,  inward,  from  bot* 
torn  to  top.  It  is  nearly  42  miles  in  length,  extends 
from  the  great  dam  about  seven  miles  wp  the  stream, 
through  Singsing,  Yonkers,  and  over  Harlajm  strait, 
by  an  immense  bridge,  to  the  distributing  basin  in 
the  city. 

Teller* s  Point. — A  peninsula  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Croton,  which  separates  Tappan  and  Haverstraw 
bays. 

Croton  or  Collahurg  Landing.— A  small  village 
near  Teller's  point,  containing  about  70  inhabitants. 

Warren,  or  Haverstraw. — A  village  of  Rockland 
county,  situated  on  the  western  recess  of  Haverstraw 
bay.  Population  about  450,  with  two  churches,  tav- 
erns, stores,  &c. 

Haverstraw  Bay. — An  expansion  of  the  river, 
which  is  near  about  three  miles  in  width  and  aboat 
seven  in  length.  Between  Teller's  point  on  the  east, 
and  Vredidicker  hook,  a  rocky  eminence  nearly  700 
feet  in  height,  on  the  west,  it  unites  with  Tappan  sea 
by  a  strait  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width.     At  it» 


•fi 


■fl 


•  n 


m 


^4 


m 
-if 


^% 


48 


ROUTE    FROM 


I 


north  end  the  river  resumes  its  usual  width,  which 
it  maintains  for  a  short  distance. 

Stony  Point,  a  mihtary  post  during  the  revolution- 
ary war.  This  point  will  be  ever  memorable  in  the 
military  history  of  the  United  States,  as  the  scene 
of  one  of  General  Wayne's  most  brilliant  archiev- 
ments.  On  the  11th  of  July,  1779,  after  a  silent 
march  from  West  point,  he  suddenly  attacked  the  post, 
then  in  the  hands  of  the  British  troops,  and  after  a 
spirited  and  bloody  contest,  succeeded  in  carrying 
the  place  without  discharging  a  gun  :  the  garrison 
surrendered  at  discretion.  Being  menaced  by  a  vastly 
superi'T  force,  General  Wayne  on  the  following  da 
withdrew  his  forces,  after  demolishing  the  works  ana 
securnig  the  military  stores. 

Ver plane k\<i  City,  formerly  called  Verplanck's 
Point,  occupies  a  commanding  situation  at  the  west, 
eni  extremity  of  the  poiiit.  It  was  laid  out  a  few  yeara 
since  into  lots,  but  notwithstanding  its  eligible  position, 
the  city  is  still  in  its  embryo  slate.  There  are  about 
30  buildings  of  every  sort,  and  some  80  or  100  in  ha. 
bitants.  A  short  distance  above  Verplanck,  com. 
meiice  the 

Ilighlandfi. — Being  that  portion  of  a  lofty  chain  of 
mountains  whicii  has  been  pierced  by  the  Hudson, 
presenting  to  the  eye  of  the  beholder  a  scene  of  wild 
beauty  and  picturesque  grandeur.  The  chain  here, 
upwards  of  fifteen  hundred  leet  high,  has  evidently 
been  rent  and  torn  asunder  by  the  action  of  water, 
by  which  it  is  probable  the  now  fertile  region  above 
may  have  been,  in  ages  long  past,  submerged,  until 
relieved  by  the  disruption  of  the  Highlands. 

In  some  places  the  banks  ascend  the  crest  of  the 
chain  by  easy  step,  more  or  less  lofty ;  whilst  in  others 
it  is  reached  by  a  continued  succession  of  rugged 
chasms,  abrupt  precipices  and  huge  masses  of  naked 
rock.  The  most  noted  summits  are :  Anthony*s 
Nose,  which  shows  itself  immediately  on  leaving 
Caldwell's  landing.    The  rocks  near  the  apex,  (1,133 


NEW-TORK    TO    ALBANY. 


49 


1! 


feet  above  tlie  river,)  present  a  rude  representation 
of  a  humiin  couiiienance,  when  viewed  from  a  certain 
point;  Bare  Mount,  1,350  ff  et ;  Crnics'  Ne.-<U  1,410; 
Butter  Jlil.l,\.h±)',  Bull  Head,  1,480;  Bre'tknerk  Hill, 
1,187  ;  N(^w  lieoaw,  1,685  ;  Old  Beacon,  1,471.  They 
arc  mostly  covered  over  to  their  very  summits  with 
dense  forest;^,  wliich  add  great  beauty  to  the  prospect. 

Caldii'^eWs  Landing  — A  small  setilement  at  which 
most  of  the  river  steani-boata  touch.     Here  is  a  ferry  to 

PeekskiU. — An  important  and  handsome  town 
of  Westchester  county,  containing  about  1,800  inhab- 
itants,  eight  ciiurches,  one  bank,  several  extensive 
factories,  iron  foundries,  ore  academy,  &c.  Jt  was 
here  that  Palmer  and  Strang,  British  spies,  were  hung, 
by  order  of  General  Putnam,  during  the  revolution. 

Fortft  Montgomery  and  Clinton. — Twool  the  prin. 
cipal  defences  during  the  revolutionary  war,  which 
on  one  occasion  were  attacked  by  a  British  force  of 
3,000  troops,  and,  with  the  garrison,  consisting  of  600 
men.  were  captured  on  the  6th  October,  1777. 

West  Point. — The  seat  of  the  United  States  Mill, 
tary  Academy,  established  in  1802,  which  occupies 
an  extensive  and  beautiful  plain,  elevated  about  175 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Hudson.  The  buildings 
consist  of  an  academy,  built  of  stone,  275  feet  long 
and  75  wide,  in  which  arc  deposited  the  instruments, 
models  and  other  aj'paratus;  an  observatory,  15() 
by  GO  foot,  stirmounted  by  a  dome;  two  barracks,  a 
hospital,  a  chapel,  Sec,  a  large  hotel,  and  about  50 
other  buildings,  mostly  occupied  by  the  professors  and 
oflicers  of  the  institute  and  their  assistants.  The 
entire  population,  including  250  cadets  (the  number 
autliorizcd  hy  law.)  is  about  800.  Such  are  the  nume- 
rous ntiractioi:sof  the  j)]ace,  that  it  is  visited  by  a  vast 
number  of  pc  rsons  during  the  travelling  season.  Here 
resides  Mr.  R.  W.  Weir,  author  of  the  admirable  pic. 
ture  of  the  "Departure  of  the  Pilgrims,"  one  of  tho 
fnest  paintings  in  the  capitol  at  Washington;  In  the 
early  part  of  tho  revolutionary  contest,  West  Point 

5 


50 


ROUTE    FROM 


I 

1» 


f  •? 


became  an  object  of  attention.  At  several  points 
forts  were  erected,  some  of  which  are  still  to  be  seen 
Fort  Putnam,  situated  on  Mount  Independence,  about 
600  feet  above  the  plain,  is  the  first  object  seen  on  ap- 
proaching the  point  from  the  south.  This  spot  and 
the  adjacent  country  are  memorable  as  the  scene  of 
Arnold's  treachery. 

Cold  Spring. — A  busy  and  thriving  town  of  Put- 
nam county,  containing  about  200  buildings,  includ. 
ing  5  churches,  4  public  houses,  one  extensive  iron 
foundry  and  machine  shop,  and  some  other  factories. 
Population  about  1,300. 

New  Windsor. — A  small  town  of  Orange  county, 
with  250  inhabitants,  two  churches,  a  boatyard,  &c. 

Newburg. — A.n  important  incorporated  town  of 
Orange  county.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  bank, 
which  rises  by  a  bold  acclivity,  and  presents  a  fine 
appearance  from  the  river. 

In  addition  to  the  court-house  and  other  county 
offices,  there  are  upwards  of  1,200  buildings  includ- 
ing eleven  churches,  three  banks,  fourteen  hotels, 
160  stores,  three  flouring  mills,  three  plaster  mills,  one 
brewery,  one  floor-cloth  factory,  factories  of  leather, 
ploughs,  combs,  tobacco,  carriages,  &c.,  &c.  It  has 
frequent  communications  with  New- York  and  Alba- 
ny by  steamers,  which  ply  constantly  along  the  river, 
and  with  the  opposite  shoro  by  sream  ferry-boats. 
The  courts  for  Orange  county  sit  alternately  here  and 
at  Goshen,  about  20  miles  inland.  Immediately  op- 
posite Newburg  is 

Martinsville  or  Fislikill  Landing. — Where  an  ex- 
tensive settlement  has  grown  up  within  a  few  years 
past.  The  ground  on  whicfi  the  village  is  situated, 
forms  a  part  of  the  "  Ruinbout  Patent,"  so  called, 
which  comprehended  an  area  of  nearly  200  square 
miles.  A  considerable  portion  of  this  immense  tract 
was  continued  in  the  possession  of  Runibout's  de- 
scendants from  the  date  of  the  patent  down  to  the 
present  time,  a  period  of  nearly  140  years.     The 


>'EVr-YORK   TO    ALBANY. 


51 


,  i'i  ti 


Schenck  and  Brett  families,  through  whose  influence 
and  exertions  the  tract  has  been  so  greatly  improved, 
are  among  the  hneal  descendants  of  the  original  pro. 
prietor. 

There  are  now  several  towns  and  villages  within 
this  patent,  the  limits  of  which  were  determined  by 
a  mode  then  common  among  the  settlers,  by  which 
the  outlines  of  tracts  were  regulated  by  the  distance 
an  indian  could  walk  in  a  given  number  of  hours. 

Fishkill. — The  seat  of  justice  for  Dutchess  county. 
Matteawan  and  Fishkill  Landing,  or  Martinsville, 
are  the  principal  settlements  within  the  limits  of  Rum- 
bout's  tract.  The  two  latter  may  be  regarded  as  one 
town,  both  having  attained  to  their  present  impor. 
tance  in  consequence  of  the  establishment  of  facto, 
ries  in  the  neighborhood.  The  site  of  Martinsville 
ascends  by  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  landing  place, 
until  it  reaches  an  elevated  plane  80  or  90  feet  above 
the  river,  where  most  of  the  Irades-people  and  me- 
chanics reside.  An  extensive  pier  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
length,  constructed  at  a  cost  of  about  ^100,000,  forms 
the  chief  landing,  which  communicates  with  the  op- 
posite town  of  Newburgh,  by  a  steam  ferry-boat. 
There  are  in  the  village  two  places  of  worship,  four 
public  houses,  10  or  12  stores,  one  iron  foundry,  a 
machine  shop  and  flouring  mill  at  the  mouth  of  Fish- 
kill creek,  and  about  130  other  buildings. 

Matteawan. — A  remarkably  neat  and  flourishing 
village  of  Dutchess  county,  situated  about  one  mile 
east  from  Martinsville,  on  both  sides  of  Fishkill  creek. 
The  ground  upon  which  the  town  is  built  is  gently 
undulating,  with  here  and  there  a  prominent  emi- 
nence,  which,  with  the  adjacent  mountains  on  the 
east,  and  the  romantic  stream  at  their  base,  alto- 
gether form  a  scene  of  surpassing  beauty  and  love, 
liness. 

The  town,  which  is  well  built  with  houses  mostly 
in  the  cottage  style,  having  court-yards  in  front,  pre. 
sent  an  appearance  of  great  neatness  and  rural  beau. 


I 


'n 


62 


ROUTE    FROM 


ty.  It  comprises  a  principal  avenue  with  smaller 
streets,  some  of  which  lead  to  bridges  over  the  creek, 
where  many  of  the  operatives  reside.  The  factory, 
consisting  of  several  detached  buildings,  in  which  the 
various  branches  are  conducted,  is  situated  on  the 
right  or  west  bank  of  Fishkiil  Creek,  about  one  mile 
above  its  discharge  into  the  Hudson.  On  the  same 
side  are  most  of  the  dwelling  houses  and  some  beau, 
tiful  seats,  among  which  is  tliatof  INIr.  P.  H.  Schenck, 
who  is  largely  interested  in  the  Mattcawan  estab. 
lishments. 

The  Episcopal  church,  near  the  Teller  mansion,  is 
a  neat  and  commodious  cditii  e  ;  and  on  the  east  side 
of  the  creek  stands  tlie  Presbyterian  church.  Mat. 
eawan,  from  its  situation  and  salubrious  air,  is  likely 
to  maintain  its  respectability ;  the  neighborhood  hay. 
ing  been  selected  as  the  residence  of  many  wealthy 
families.  The  present  population  of  the  village  ex. 
ceeds  l,000,which,  on  the  revival  of  business,  so  great. 
ly  depressed  of  late  years,  will  doubtless  increase 
lapidly. 

Hamburg. — An  inconsiderable  village  of  Dutchess 
county,  6  miles  above  Martinsville. 

Marlboro. — A  siriall  village  of  Ulster  county,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson 

Milton. — A  small  settlement  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river. 

Barnegat  — rA  busy  little  town  of  Dutchess  county, 
with  about  200  inhabitants,  chiefly  engaged  in  Ume 
business. 

Poiighkeepffip. — A  large  and  commercial  town  of 
Duchess  county,  and  the  (it-pot  for  an  extensive  and 
productive  agricultural  district  in  the  rear.  It  is  about 
midway  between  the  cities  of  New-York  and  Albany, 
with  both  of  whicli  it  has  almost  hourly  communi- 
cation  by  means  of  steam  boats  and  sailing  vessels. 
Its  manufactures,  which  are  vast  and  various,  con. 
sist  of  silk  goods,  carpets,  loco:notive  engines,  and 
railroad  apparatus  of  all  sorts,  malt  liquors,  flour, 


\ 


con. 


NEW- YORK    TO    ALBANY. 


53 


f 


plaster,  bricks,  pins,  fire-arms,  paper-hangings,  snuff 
and  segars,  cordage,  carriages.  'I'here  are  several 
iron  and  brass  foundries,  grist  mills,  saw  mills,  ma- 
chine shops,  rope  walks,  lumber  yards,  &c.  &,c. 

The  oiher  buildings  consist  of  a  court-house,  jail, 
alms  house,  college,  a  gymnasium,  academy,  13 
places  of  worship,  belonging  to  the  Episcopalians, 
Methodists,  Baptists,  Reformed  Dutch,  Catholics, 
Friends,  &.c. ;  three  banks,  10  or  12  hotels,  work 
shops,  and  about  1,100  dwelling  houses,  with  about 
8,000  inhabitants.  In  the  town  are  also  two  female 
seminaries,  a  lyceum,  a  savings  bank,  a  whaling  com- 
pany, 3  printing  offices,  from  which  papers  are  issued. 

The  town  occupies  one  of  the  finest  and  most  pio- 
turesque  sites  on  the  river,  but  owing  to  its  elevated 
and  remote  position,  it  cannot  be  seen  to  advantage 
from  the  river. 

New  Paltz  Landing. — A  small  settlement  of  Ul- 
ster  county,  comprising  1  church,  1  grist  mill,  and 
about  50  other  buildings,  with  about  200  inhabitants. 

Hyde  Park, — A  handsome  village  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  in  Dutchess  county.  The  settlement, 
which  extends  from  the  river  bank  to  the  post  road, 
a  distance  of  nearly  a  mile,  comprises  about  120  build- 
ings,  including  three  churches  and  several  exlenpive 
manufacturing  estabUshments,  and  about  750  inhabit, 
ants. 

Pelhani. — A  small  collection  of  buildings  ,on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  nearly  opposite  to 

Statcsburg. — Another  inconsiderable  village  on  the 
east  side. 

Rhynheck. — Situated  about  two  miles  east  of  the 
Hudson,  where  it  has  a  landing,  also  a  considerable 
village,  is  a  large  and  important  town,  with  a  pop. 
ulation  of  not  less  than  1,200.  Here  are  .3  churches, 
4  or  5  houses  of  public  entertainment,  1  iron  found, 
ry,  1  paper  and  1  flouring  mill;  together  with  the 
usual  complement  of  mechanics'  shops,  stores,  &c. 

Columbus, — A  small  village  situated  near  the  mouth 

5« 


ff 


f 

I! 


54 


ROUTE    FROM 


F^il 


of  the  Walkill,  containing  a  dozen  or  twenty  houses, 
and  tile  landing  place  for 

Kingston. — A  large  and  flourishing  town  of  Ulster 
county,  situated  on  Esopus  creek,  and  three  miles 
distant  from  the  former.  It  is  an  incor]>orated  town, 
with  about  2,500  inhabitants ;  many  of  whom  are 
extensively  engaged  in  the  coal  trade.  In  the  town 
are  a  court.house,  jail,  4  churches,  academy,  2  banks, 
6  public  houses,  2  printing  oflices,  1  iron  foundry, 
tobacco,  carriage,  leather,  and  many  other  manufac, 
tories.  Kingston,  or  Eaopus,  as  it  was  originally 
called,  is  intimately  connected  with  our  revolutionary 
history. 

It  was  taken  and  burnt  by  the  British,  on  the  IGth 
of  October,  1777,  the  day  before  the  surrender  of 
Burgoyne.  The  mcendiaries,  on  learning  the  fate  of 
Burgoyne,  precipitately  decamped  and  took  shelter  on 
board  their  vessels,  then  lying  in  the  liudsan.  A 
short  distance  from  Kingston  is  the  busy  little  town  of 

Eddyville- — Situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  K.on- 
dout,  and  at  the  eastern  t.^rminus  of  the  Hudson  and 
Delawire  canal,  by  which  the  coal  and  other  pro- 
duce ot"  t!ui  Lackawana  Valley,  iti  Pennsylvania,  are 
transjtor  p  I  to  the  banks  of  iIih  Hudson.  Tiic  ciiitif 
seat  of  the  coal  trade  is  at  the  neighb'.iring  village  of 
Rr)Md'»iit.  where  extensive  coal  (!t'[)ots  a'o  established. 

End  lloulc  Lower  LnridiuiZ,  <'r  Harrytown,  a  small 
settlement  oa  the  case  side  of  the  Hudson,  consisting 
of  store  houses,  and  other  buiklings  connected  with 
the  landing.     Th'.i  u[)per  landiiir^-  is  now  called 

Tivoli — A  much  more  important  town  than  the 
last;  it  contains  2  c!iari;lies,  ij  or  3  inns,  several  stores, 
2  grist  mills,  1  cloth  factory,  2  saw  mills,  and  about 
3i)0  inhabitants  ;  here  is  a  ferry  to  the  village  of 

SaugeitJes. — A  small  but  neuf  village  of  Ulster 
county. 

Glar}(rnw. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  contains 
some  250  inhabitants. 


Brhtal- 


A  small  manufacturing  village  of  Ulster 


NEW-YOUK    TO    ALBANY. 


55 


Among  the  public  edifices  are  a  court  house,  jail, 
G  churches  of  various  denominations,  and  2  Friends* 

Cutskili. — A  large  incorporated  town  of  Greene 
county,  of  which  it  is  the  seal  of  justice.  It  is  situ, 
atcd  on  the  west  or  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  the 
mouth  of  Catskill  creek,  and  extends  up  both  sides 
of  that  creek  for  |  of  a  mile.  Its  population  is  nearly 
2,000  ;  and  public  buildings  are  a  court-house,  jail, 
and  other  county  offices,  <>  churches,  2  banks,  13 
hotels,  besides  other  houses  of  entertainnr)ent;  to- 
gether with  the  usual  complement  of  mechanics' 
shops,  factories,  &c.  &c.  Population  about  3,000.  , 
m  The  Catskill  and  Canajoharie  railroad  is  now  com- 

ploted,  and  in  use  as  far  as  Gooksburg,  a  distance  of 
2G  miles.  About  14  miles  W.  S.  W.  from  Catskill, 
is  the  celebrated  mountain  house  of 

Pine  Orchard. — Which  is  situated  on  the  N.  E. 
declivity  of  Catskill  mountams,  ut  an  elevation  of 
3,000  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  Hudson  river.  A 
mile  or  two  beyoi'J  the  liotel,  are  the  Katerskill  falls. 
A  short  distance  aljuve  the  falls  are  two  small  lakes, 
from  which  the  water  escapes  through  a  contracted 
chaniiel,  and  is  [)ercipitated  at  two  bounds  down  a 
perpendiculiir  rock  to  the  depth  of  nearly  200  feet. 
Tho  cataract  and  its  surrounding  objects  form  an  as- 
semblage of  every  thiiig  that  is  sublimely  picturesque 
and  romantic  in  !)rautifiil  Rcer.cry. 

Aihens. — An  incorporated  tov/ii  of  Greene  county, 
contuiniiig  about  1,UU0  inhabitants.  Its  chief  build- 
ings  are,  5  places  of  worship,  several  taverns,  20 
B'ores,  1  extensive  cartlicn-ware  factory,  and  about 
IGO  dwelling  houses. 

Hudson. — On  the  west  side  of  the  Hudson,  oppo- 
site Aihens,  is  a  large,  handsome  and  flourishing  city 
of  Columbia  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice. 
It  was  founded  in  1783,  and  chartered  in  17S5,  and 
now  coniams  about  1,200  buildings  of  every  sort; 
and  by  the  census  of  1840  it  was  found  to  contain 
a  population  of  5,G70. 


*1 
m 


'$ 


i\i 


66 


hOUTE    FROM 


i 


■I 

i' 
f 


county,  containing  glass  works,  1  grist  mill,  and 
about  25  other  buildings. 

meeting  Iiuiimcs,  an  academy,  a  lunatic  asylum,  2 
banking  houses,  murkeis,  liotels,  stores,  workshops, 
and  factories,  &c.  •fcc.  Its  principal  nianutacturea 
consist  of  leather,  huts,  bouts  and  shoes,  jewelry, 
cordage,  sperm  candles,  malt  liquors,  iron  castings, 
and  carriages. 

Hudson  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water  from 
a  spring  a  few  miles  distant. 

The  Hudson  and  Berkshire  railroad  commences 
here,  extends  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  and  unites  with 
the  western  railroad  of  Massachusetts  at  VVest  Stock- 
bridge,  a  distance  of  34  miles  ;  thence  the  line  pro- 
ceeds via  Springfield  and  Worcester  to  Boston. 

ColumbiaviUe. — An  incorporated  village  of  Colum- 
bia county,  situated  at  the  junction  of  Kinderhook 
and  Clavarack  creeks,  one  mile  from  the  left  bank  of 
the  Hudson.  There  are  two  extensive  cotton  factories 
in  the  village,  which  afford  employment  to  a  large 
portion  of  the  inhabitants;  of  whom  there  are  about 
700  within  the  limits  of  the  village. 

Cox^ackie. — A  village  of  Greene  county,  coi; 'lin- 
ing 500  inhabitants,  situated  about  one  mile  from  the 
landing  on  the  Hudson. 

Kinderhook  Landing  — Now  called  Stm/vesant,  18 
a  pleasant  little  village,  comprising  50  or  GO  buildings, 
including  a  church,  and  about  300  inhabitants. 

New  Baltimore. — An  active  little  town  of  some  50 
or  GO  houses,  and  about  400  inhabitants,  situated  in 
Greene  county,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson. 

Coeymann. — A  manufacturing  village  of  Albany 
county,  containing  two  churches,  several  taverns, 
stores  &,c.  ;  grist,  saw,  and  plaster  mills,  two  brick- 
yards, and  about  8U0  inhabitants. 

Schndack. — A  village  of  Rensselaer  county,  with 
a  population  of  about  400,  with  a  church,  stores,  &c. 
)|  Castleton. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  situated 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  2  miles  from  Scho- 
dack.    Population  nearly  400. 


NEW-YORK    TO    ALBANT. 


67 


and 


i 


Greenhush — A  large  and  flourishing  incorporated 
village  of  Rensselaer  county,  situatf'd  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  opposite  to  the  city  of  Albany, 
with  which  it  communicates  by  steam  ferry-boats. 
Among  the  buildings,  about  130  in  number,  are  2 
churches,  4  public  houses,  l-'2  stores,  2  grist  mills,  gas 
factory,  and  un  extensive  boat-yard.  The  present 
population  is  about  1,000,  and  rapidly  increasing. 

Hero  commences  the  Albany  and  West  Stock- 
bridge  railroad,  which,  with  the  western  an  '  Boston 
and  Worcester  railroads,  form  a  continuous  iuie  from 
Albany  to  Boston,  a  distance  of  200  miles. 

ALBANY. 

A  large,  rich,  and  populous  city  of  the  state  of 
New. York,  of  which  it  is  the  capital.  Few  cities 
of  its  size  have  their  public  buildings  sofine,  nu, 
merous,  and  well  kept.  Here  are  many  hand^ 
some  churches  belonging  to  various  denominations. 
The  State-house,  or  legislative  hall,  is  one  of  the 
principal  ornaments  of  the  city ;  and  the  immense 
basin  formed  by  a  pier  4,300  feet  in  length,  is  one  of 
the  largest  and  most  commodious  on  the  canal,  where 
a  vast  number  of  canal  boats  of  all  sorts  may  be  seen. 
The  streets  are  spacious  and  well  paved.  In  addition 
to  the  facilities  of  intercourse  afforded  by  the  great 
Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  which  commence  here, 
those  of  the  numerous  railroads  which  centre  in  Al- 
bany are  equally  important  and  extensive.  Thus 
advantageously  situated,  it  forms  the  principal  entre- 
pot  between  the  city  of  New- York  and  the  north 
western  interior;  and  with  Troy  occupies  the  com-. 
iiion  centre  of  an  immenso  inland  trade. 

Albany  possesses  many  splendid  public  and  private 
buildings,  literary  and  scicniilic  institutions,  and  in 
every  respect  presents  the  appearance  of  a  well 
ordered  and  prosperous  city.  Population,  in  1840, 
33,721.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  the 
United  States,  tae  Dutch  having  had  a  fort  here  as 


fl 


M 


58 


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n'l) 


I 


p '! 


u 


eorly  as  1612.  Mnny^f  the  buildinca  of  the  city,  with 
their  gable  ends  to  the  streets,  still  remain  to  mark 
its  origin.  A  large  and  respectable  portion  of  the  in- 
habitants are  of  Dutch  descent,  many  of  whom  still 
retain  much  of  the  primitive  simplicity  and  industry 
which  characterized  their  ancestors. 

The  State  House. — A  fine  stone  building,  115  feet 
in  length  and  90  in  width,  occupies  a  beautiful  po. 
sition  at  the  head  of  State  street,  at  an  elevation  of 
220  feet  above  the  river.  The  grounds  which  sur- 
round the  capitol  are  tastefully  arranged,  and  form 
one  of  the  most  attractive  promenades  of  the  city. 
The  other  public  buildings  consist  of  the  City  Hallf 
a  beautiful  marble  structure,  occupied  by  the  various 
departments  of  the  Government ;  jail,  2  academies, 
State  Hall.  The  Albany,  Farmers',  and  Mechanics^ 
Banks,  and  the  Mufieum,  are  also  remarkably  fine 
buildings ;  Medical  College  Exchange,  in  State  st.; 
Alms-house;  2  Asylums  for  Orphans;  30  churches, 
some  very  elegant ;  8  banking  fiouses,and  many  others 
equally  deserving  of  notice.  Institutions  for  the  pro. 
motion  of  Uterature,  science,  and  the  arts,  are  numer- 
ous and  well  conducted.  The  principal  branches  of 
industry  carried  on  in  the  city,  comprise  carriages, 
malt  liquors,  fire  arms, jewelry,  nails,  hats  and  caps, 
snuff  and  segars,  cordage,  soap,  musical  instruments, 
tin  and  sheet  iron  ware,  printing  types,  woolen  and 
cotton  goods,  &,c. ;  and  its  commerce  is  proportion, 
ably  varied  and  extensive.  There  are  nearly  1,400 
I-ersons  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  besides  a 
vast  number  employed  in  the  subordinate  branches 
of  trade. 

The  situation  of  Albany  is  one  of  the  finest  on  the 
Hudson  ;  seated  partly  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill  and 
partly  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  it  spreads  its  build- 
ings along  the  bank,  and  covers  the  adjacent  eminen, 
C'!S  with  its  beautiful  structures.  Its  suburbs  stretch 
in  gentle  curves  along  the  shore  above,  below,  and  in 
the  rear ;  iroin  whence  is  beheld  an  almost  unrivai- 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLS.  69 

led  assemblage  of  picturesque  and  beautiful  scenery. 
In  the  north,  the  shores  of  the  Hudson,  with  Troy 
and  file  hlilc  villugcH  of  Waterford  and  Lansinburg, 
whilst  in  the  eaet,  the  hills  of  Vermont,  with  their 
verdant  sides  and  towering  peaks,  bound  the  i)rospect. 
The  centre  contains  the  city,  with  its  pirl)lic  and 
private  buildings  rising  one  above  the  other,  backed 
by  the  heights,  on  which  are  the  Capitol,  State  Hall, 
the  Academy,  and  City  Hall. 

Hotels. — City,  Eagle,  Mansion  House,  United 
States,  Mongomery  Hall,  American,  Clinton,  Con- 
gress Hall,  Frankhn,  Rensselaer,  Columbian,  &c. 


ROUTES  FROM  ALBANY. 

Route  from  Albany  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo,  ^c» 
via  Utica,  Hochcster,  and  Batavia,  by  railroad. 


Schenectady,  ....  16 

Glenville,  4  20 

Amsterdam, 10  30 

Tripe  Hill, 7  37 

Caughnewaga, ...  4  41 

Fonda, 1  42 

Palatine  Bridge,  .11  53 

St.  Johnsville,....   9  62 

Little  Falls, 10  72 

Herkimer, 7  79 

Utica,  14  93 

Whitesboro 3  96 

Oriskany,  4  100 

Rome, 7  107 

Verona  Centre,...  8  115 

Canestota,    11  126 

Fayette, 16  142 

Syracuse, 4  146 

Camillus, 8  154 

Elbridge, 8  162 

Auburn, 10  172 


Cavuga, 9  181 

Bridgeport, 1  182 

Waterloo, 9  191 

Geneva,  9  200 

Vienna 9  209 

Canandaguia,....14  223 

Victor 10  233 

Rochoster, 17  250 

Churchville,  14  264 

Be. gen,  7  272 

Morganville,  7  278 

Baiavia 5  283 

Attica 10  293 

Alden, 10  303 

Lancaster, 8  311 

Buffair, 12  323 

Black  Rock, 2  325 

Tonawanda, 9  334 

Fort  Schlosser,  ...11  345 
Niagara  Falls,....  1  346 


nt\ 


■^^ 


60 


ROUTE    FROM 


Schenectady. — An  incorporated  city,  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Schenectady  county,  is  situated  on  the 
right  or  south  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  16  miles  from 
Albany  by  the  railroad,  and  30  by  the  Eric  canal. 
It  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state,  being  nearly 
co.eval  ^vith  Albany.  Many  of  the  buiklinfjs  are  ele- 
gant,  but  like  all  the  ancient  towns  in  New-York,  the 
various  structures  present  a  somewhat  incongruous 
appearance.  Those  of  a  recent  date  serve  to  show  the 
advance  in  elegance  and  convenience  that  has  been 
effected  in  the  course  of  a  few  years.  The  chief 
buildings  are,  Union  College  in  the  N.  E.  quarter, 
which  was  founded  in  1794,  and  has  since  main- 
tained a  high  degree  of  reputaiion  ;  a  county  court 
house  and  jail,  city  hall,  4  banks,  10  churches,  16  or 
18  hotels,  1  V  :tensive  cotton  factory,  grist  mills,  iron 
foundries,  together  with  the  usual  stores,  work  shops, 
factories,  &.c.  There  are  a  lyceum,  and  an  academy 
foi  females.  Population  by  census  of  1840,  6,784. 
Schciiectady  has  frequent  communications  with  the 
surrounding  towns,  by  the  various  railroads  now  in 
use;  that  to  Saratoga,  via  Ballston  Spa,  is  22,  and 
that  to  West  Troy,  is  20  miles  in  length. 

Glenville. — A  neat  hamlet  of  Schenectady  county, 
comprising  18  or  20  buildings,  exclusive  of  1  church, 
store,  &c. 

Amsterdam. — An  incorporated  town  of  Montgom- 
ery county,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Mo- 
hawk, containing  upwards  of  1,800  inhabitants,  and 
about  300  buildings  of  every  sort;  including  4  neat 
churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  several  factories,  &c. 
The  town  is  connected  by  a  substantial  bridge  over 
the  Mohawk  with  Part  .Tackson, 

Tripe's  mil.— A.  mere  hamlet  of  Montgomery 
county,  containing  a  church,  and  some  25  or  30  other 
buildings. 

Caughnewaga. — Another  village  of  the  same 
county,  comprising  about  40  dwelling  houses  and 
a  church,  with  about  200  inhabitants.    It  commiini- 


: 


ALBANY  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


61 


cates,  by  a  bridge  across  the  Mohawk,  with  Fulton- 
ville.     (See  route  by  Erie  canal.) 

Fonda. — A  pretty  village  of  Montgomery  county, 
of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  containing  about  400 
inhabita  Its  and  about  TO  buildings,  including  a 
court-house,  jail,  1  grist,  1  saw,  and  1  piaster  mill, 
carding  machine,  with  the  customary  complement  of 
taverns,  stores,  and  shops. 

Palatine  bridge. — A  village  of  Montgomery  county, 
consisting  of  40  buildings,  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Mohawk,  immediately  opposite  to  Canajoharie. 

St,  Johnsville. — A  small  village,  comprising  about 
50  buildings,  with  280  inhabitants,  in  Montgomery 
county. 

Little  Falls. — A  large  and  flomishiiig  settlement, 
which  has  grown  up  at  what  are  termed  ihe  Little  Falls 
of  the  Mohawk. 

The  site  of  the  town  occupies  both  banka  of  the 
Mohawk,  which  has  obviously  worn  for  itself  a  pas- 
sage through  the  primitive  rock  of  which  the  mountain 
is  composed,  and  thus  formed  an  immense  gap  in 
which  the  town  is  situated.  The  rugged  and  pre- 
cipitous sides  of  this  petra-like  gorge  attain  to  a 
great  height,  whence  a  scene  of  wild  and  romantic 
beauty  presents  itself  on  every  side.  The  beds  of  the 
F/tie  canal  on  the  right,  and  of  the  railroad  on  the  left 
bank,  have  been  excavated  from  the  solid  rock,  which 
here  and  there  overhangs  the  lines,  and  seems  to 
threaten  the  beholder  with  instant  destruction. 

Little  Falls  is  essentially  a  manufacturing  place, 
having  an  inexhaustible  water  power  of  great  extent, 
which  is  still  in  some  degree  unemployed.  Woolen 
goods,  paper,  iron  castings,  malt  liquors  and  flour, 
are  its  principal  manufactures.  Every  other  article 
of  necessity,  such  as  hats,  boots,  shoes,  tin-ware  &c., 
are  supplied  by  the  numerous  minor  factories  of  the 
place.  It  contains  about  400  buildings,  including  5 
churches,  a  bank,  and  an  academy,  with  nearly 

6 


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III 


62 


ROUTE    FROM 


3,000  inhabitants.  Access  may  be  had  from  hence 
by  stagfe  to  Trenton  Falls,  distant  26  miles. 

Herkimer — 'I'he  seat  of  justice  for  Herkimer  county, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mohawk. 
It  is  an  incorporated  town,  and  contains  about  900 
inhabitants;  the  chief  buildings  are  a  court-house,  jail, 
hall  for  the  county  officers,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and 

2  churches. 

Utica.f 

Whitesboro. — An  incorporated  town,  and  in  con- 
junction  with  Kome,  the  se;.t  of  justice  for  Oneida 
county.-  It  occupies  a  fine  situation  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Mohawk,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  canal. 
The  town  cont  liiis  a  population  of  about  2,000,  a 
court  house,  jail,  4  churches,  an  academy,  an  exten- 
eive  cotton  factory,  another  of  water  buckets,  a  grist 
mill,  &c. 

Rome,  formerly  Fort  Stanwix. — A  large  incorpo- 
rated town  of  Oneida  county,  of  which  it  is,  with 
VVhitestown,  the  seat  of  justice.  Tliere  are  within 
the  corporate  liniils  about  400  buildings,  including 
the  court  house  and  other  county  buildings  ;  6  places 
of  worship,  a  banking  house,  a  cotton  factory, 
grist  and  saw  mills,  furnace,  and  an  arsenal  belong. 
ing  'o  the  United  States.  Here  the  railroad  leaves  the 
Mohawk  valley,  and  passes  into  that  of  the  Oswego, 
and  enters  the  little  village  of  Verona  Centre,  con- 
taining about  100  inhabitants. 

Lenox. — A  small  village  comprising  some  20  or  25 
buildings,  in  Madison  county. 

Symciise. — A  large  commercial  and  manufactur- 
ing town  of  Onondaga  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat 
of  justice.  Besides  800  or  900  dwellings,  there  are 
an  academy,  court-house,  jail,  8  churches,  12  hotels, 
an  arcade,  2  banks,  3  grist  mills,  3  machine  shops, 

3  iron  foundries,  and  a  vast  number  of  mechan- 
ics' shops,  stores  and  warehouses.  Syracuse  stands 
on  the  Erie  canal,  at  the  point  where  the  Salina  side 
canal  leaves  the  main  trunk.     The  Salina  flats  ex- 


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fis 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLS. 


C3 


I 


tend  between  Syracuse  and  the  village  of  Salina.  In 
a  state  of  nature,  these  flats  being  low,  in  part  marshy, 
were  subject  to  occasional  inundation ;  but,  by 
means  of  extensive  drains,  they  have  now  a  dry  sur- 
face,  which  is  an  exuberantly  rich  alluvial  deposite. 
The  outlet  of  Salina  lake  in  Seneca  river,  having  been 
deepened,  contribute  also  to  desiccate  the  flats. 
Syracuse  is  celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of  salt,  of 
which  immense  quantities,  are  annually  made  chief- 
ly by  solar  evaporation. 

Camillus. — A  handsome  village  of  Onondaga 
county,  containing  about  700  inhabitants,  two 
churches,  and  nearly  125  dwelling  houses. 

Elbridge — A  neat  little  village  of  Onondaga  county, 
containing  two  churches,  CO  buildings  and  about  3U0 
inhabitants. 

Auburn. — A  large,  handsome  and  important  town, 
and  seat  of  justice  for  Cayuga  county.  It  comprises 
nearly  900  buildings  of  all  descriptions,  including  a 
court  house  and  other  county  offices,  a  town  hall,  a 
theological  seminary,  an  academy,  an  incorporated 
seminary  for  females,  seven  churches,  two  banks,  ten 
hotels,  one  cotton  factory,  one  planing  machine,  four 
grist  and  three  saw  mills,  factories  of  cards, millstones, 
tobacco,  machinery,  iron  castings,  leather,  carriages 
and  many  other  articles.  Auburn  is  the  seat  of  ono 
of  the  State  prisons,  an  immense  ct-talilishment,  sit. 
uated  on  the  rifihtbank  of  Owasco  outlet.  I;  stands 
in  the  centre  of  a  *en  acre  lot,  which  is  enr^)scd  by 
an  elevated  stone  wall.  The  principal  b"i!dii.;'  vliich 
contains  the  various  offices,  keepers*  ajuimcn;,  A'e 
is  three  stories  high  and  186  feet  front,  ar.d  'he  Aiii^-s 
on  eacii  two  stories  high,  45  feet  in  fron*  and  242 
deep.  There  are  770  cells.  The  pris'^^ers,  usiisall: 
about  700,  employed  in  the  various  braaohes  of  me- 
chanic arts. 

Owasco  lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  situated 
a  few  miles  from  the  village,  aflx)rds  excellent  trout 
fishing,  and  is  much  frequented.     The  outlet  having' 


■ii|;| 


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II 


'19       * 


64 


ROUTE    FROM 


a  descent  of  nearly  100  feet  in  a  few  miles,  furnishes 
a  valuable  and  extensive  water  power,  which  is  only 
partially  employed. 

Cayuga. — A  pretty  little  village  of  Cayuga  county, 
situated  on  the  east  side  of  Cayuga  outlet,  which  is 
crossed  by  a  viaduct  and  bridge,  each  more  than  a 
mile  in  lenijlh. 

The  village  consists  of  about  75  buildings,  among 
which  are  a  church,  several  public  houses,  and  about 
300  inhabitants. 

Cayuga  Lake  is  one  of  the  largest  of  the  series  of 
Jalies  that  impart  great  beauty  to  this  part  of  the  state. 
It  is  abuut  40  miles  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of 
two  and  a  half  miles,  is  of  great  depth,  and  abounds 
with  fine  fish.  Its  banks,  whicii  are  celebrated  for 
thinr  picturesque  beauty  and  sublimity,  are  adorned 
svith  orchards  and  cultivated  fields,  and  interspersed 
with  towns,  villages  and  habitations. 

Steam  boats  ply  regularly  between  Cayuga  bridge 
and  Ithaca,  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  where  the  rail. 
-Mid  from  Ovvego  terminates.  About  a  mile  west  of 
'...  '  '   JO,  is 

Bridgeport, — A  litile  village  of  Seneca  county,  con. 
sisting  of  about  3J  buildings. 

Waterloo  — A  large  and  remarkably  handsome 
town,  and,  with  Ovid,  the  seat  of  justice  for  Seneca 
county,  containing  nearly  3,000  inhabitants.  Besides 
400  dwellings,  there  are  in  the  town  a  court  house, 
jail,  4  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  10  or  12  hotels; 
together  with  a  woolen  factory,  G  grist  mills,  5  saw 
mills,  several  factories  which  produce  pails,  tubs, 
ground  plaster,  leather,  whiskey,  iron  castinga,  ma- 
chinnry,  potash,  soap  and  candles,  carriages,  boats, 
&,c.,  &LC,  The  town  is  beautifully  situated  on  both 
banks  of  Seneca  outlet,  which  has  been  improved  so 
as  to  render  it  navigable  for  canal  boats.  A  few  miles 
towards  the  S.  W.  it  receives  the  waters  of 

Seneca  Lake. — Situated  between  Seneca  and  Tom- 
kins  counties  on  the  east,  and  Steuben,  Yates  and 


t 
t 

h 
ti 

ti 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLS. 


65 


Ontario  on  the  west.  It  is  about  43  miles  in  length, 
two  and  a  half  in  mean  breadih,  and  nearly  600  feet 
deep.  The  waters  are  remarkably  pure  and  trans- 
parent, containing  fish  of  various  sorts.  It  is  navi- 
gated by  steam-boats  from  Geneva  to  Jefferson,  where 
the  Elmira  canal  leaves  the  lake.  The  outlet  of 
Crooked  Lake  enters  Seneca  lake  on  the  west,  after  a 
descent  of  270  feet  in  6  miles.  The  banks  of  both 
are  highly  romantic  and  beautiful  :  the  entire  region 
presents  a  series  of  landscapes,  which  render  it  in  a 
high  degree,  worthy  of  attention  from  the  traveler 
and  philosopher. 

Geneva. — An  incorporated  town  of  Ontario  county, 
on  the  north-west  margin  of  Seneca  lake,  containing 
about  4,000  inhabitants.  Its  site  is  uncommonly  fine, 
rising  by  a  gentle  acclivity  from  the  water  side,  and 
affording  an  extensive  view  of  the  lake  and  adjacent 
country,  which  abounds  in  the  most  enchanting  and 
beautiful  prospects.  The  aspect  of  Geneva  and  its 
environs  from  the  lake,  is  not  less  beautiful :  the  en- 
tile scenes  will  amply  repay  the  tourist  for  bis  trouble 
in  viewing  it.  The  western  part  of  the  town  is,  by 
far,  the  neatest  portion  of  it,  and  is  in  part  built  on 
an  eminence  rising  nearly  100  feet  above  the  lake. 
Its  streets  are  wide  and  kept  in  fine  condition,  with 
handsome  and  commodious  building.s,  chiefly  occu- 
pied as  dwellings.  The  lower  part  is  the  principal 
seat  of  business,  where  the  factories,  stores,  &c.  are 
mostly  located.  The  chief  buildings  are  those  of 
Geneva  college,  10  churches,  2  banking  houses,  2 
printing  houses,  several  grist  and  saw  mills,  furnaces, 
ccr  iage  factories,  and  about  500  dwelling  houses. 

Vienna. — A  village  of  Ontario  county,  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  Canandaigua  outlet,  comprising  200 
dwellings,  3  churches,  6  grist  mills,  1  furnace,  2  brew 
houses,  2  distilleries,  carriage  factory,  «&c.  Popula- 
tion about  1,.500. 

Canandaigua. — A  beautiful  town  and  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  Ontario  county,  situated  at  tlie  junction  of  Ca- 

6« 


#^1 


€6 


ROUTE    I'ROM 


nandaigfua  lake  with  its  ouilet.  The  principal  avenue 
extends  westward  from  the  lake  shore,  and  is  lined 
by  well  built  and  handsome  houses  for  a  distance  of 
nearly  two  miles.  Among  the  buildings  are  a  court 
house,  jail  and  other  couniy  offices,  5  churches,  3 
banks,  academy,  besides  stores,  warehouses,  facto- 
ries,  mills,  &,c.     Populatioii  2,600. 

The  situation  of  the  town  is  picturesque  and  beau, 
tiful  in  a  high  degree,  and,  taken  in  coinieotion  with 
the  adjacent  country  and  its  silvery  lake,  afibrds  oiie 
of  the  most  delightful  prospects  in  the  world.  T/u 
Lake^whose  waters  are  as  clear  as  crystal, and  abound 
with  trout  and  other  fish,  is  al)0"c  20  miles  in  length, 
one  in  breadth,  and,  like  the  ot-or.?,  very  dt-ep. 

Victor. — A  neat  httle  village  of  300  inhabitants, 
situated  near  the  railroad,  in  Oatarij  county. 

ROCHESTER. 

A  large  conanercial  and  n  anufacturing  city  of 
Monroe  county,  situated  on  boili  sides  of  the  Genesee 
river,  above  liie  great  falis,  and  six  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  the  yeat  of  justice 
for  Monroe  county,  and  the  third  city  of  the  state  in 
point  of  population,  which,  in  1810,  was  20,  ID  I,  but 
has,  doubtless,  increased  greatly  since  that  time. 
The  Erie  canal  pf<sses  through  the  city,  and  across 
the  Genesee,  by  a  splendid  aqueduct,  where  it  is 
joined  by  the  Genesse  valley  canal. 

Th  •  plan  of  the  city  is  regular,  most  of  the  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles :  the  public  build- 
ings consist  of  tlie  court  house  and  other  county  of- 
fices, 20  places  of  worship,  college,  afheneum,  niu. 
scum,  2  asylums  for  orphans,  arcade,  25  hotels,  &c. 
The  productions  of  the  numerous  factories  and  work 
shops,  in  and  around  the  city,  consist  of  broid-stufis 
in  ajeat  Riandance,  cabinet  ware,  woolen  and  cotton 
gc  j.jo,  carpets,  jewel'y,  clothing,  hats  and  caps,  boots 
ard  shoes,  copper  •.:;;  i  tin  ware,  carriages,  canal  and 
othi-f  boats,  iron  castings,  machinery,  prepared  luni- 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLf3. 


bcr,  sefjars  and  snufl",  saws,  bucl;clg  and  lubs,  edge- 
tools,  a;id  many  other  articles.  iloche«ter  owes  its 
great  eminence,  as  a  inanufacturinif  town,  partly  to 
its  advantageous  situation,  and  partly  to  the  industry 
and  ingenuity  of  its  inhabitants.  It  is  hicated  in  tiic 
r;iidst  of  a  fertile  country,  interjoeted  by  canals  and 
railroads  and  on  a  river  ndinira!  ly  adapted  for  man" 
ufacturing  purposes.  To  the  natnral  facilities  thus 
afforded,  and  the  means  of  disposing  of  its  manufac- 
tured pnjducts  by  the  aid  of  its  ennals  and  railways, 
may  fairly  be  ascribed  the  rapid  growth  of  Roches- 
ter, and  the  great  prosperity  of  its  people.  Among; 
the  Interesting  objects  of  Rochester,  that  oi  the  falls 
■claims  the  first  atleuiion. 

Gene'ce  FalU. — Like  those  of  Niagara,  the  upper 
Genesee  fulls  consist  of  three  principal  Chutes,  divi- 
dcd  from  each  other  by  clusters  of  rocks,  into  ihreo 
nearly  equal  parts.  The  irreatcst  height  of  these  falls 
is  9(3  feet.  The  lower  fall,  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
below,  has  an  unbroken  pitch  of  105  feet,  to  a  rocky 
bed,  over  which  the  waters  pass  rapidly  to  the  head 
of  navigation,  whence  it  ilo^vs  calmly  iuttj  its  great 
reei|)!ent.,  the  '*  beautifid  Ontario.'" 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery. — A  rural  pLT-e  of  sepul- 
ture, situated  in  the  soatiiern  surburb-i' the  city,  and 
the 

Crr.ind  Aqucdu'Ji  over  the  Gonasoc,  also  deserve 
attention. 

Churchvillc. —  A  small  vilhige  of  Monr'.;e  couiify, 
containing  about  i)0  buildings  including  2  churches, 
a  woolen  factory  and  300  inhabitants. 

Bergen  and  jSlorirawivilh. — Two  small  villages  of 
Genesee  county,  each  containing  about  :2U0  inhabi- 
tants. 

Jj.itavia. — Soat  of  justice  for  Genesee  county,  is 
finely  situated  on  the  norih  bank  of  Tonawanda  creek, 
and  contains  upwards  of  "2, 000  inhabitants.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are,  a  court  house,  jail,  arsenal,  "2  banks, 
5  churches,  1  female  boarding  school,  1  grist  mill,  H 


, '  (: 


68 


ROUTK    FROM 


K™1 


i    I 


furnaces,  and  others.  [Persons  destined  for  the  falls 
of  Niagara,  may  proceed  by  stage  hence  to  Lockport, 
distant  30  miles,  whence  a  railroad  conducts  to  the 
falls.] 

Attica. — An  incorporated  village  of  Genesee  coun- 
ty, containing  about  QUO  inhabiiants,  2  churches,  a 
bank,  and  ihe  customary  complement  of  stores,  tav- 
erns and  shops.  The  Tonawanda  and  Attica  and 
Buffalo  railroads  unite  here. 

Alden. — A  village  of  Erie  county,  comprising  30 
dwellings,  1  church,  and  about  250  inhabitants. 

Lancaster. — A  village  of  Erie  county,  containing 
about  100  buildings,  including  4  churches,  1  grist  and 
2  s^w  mills,  and  GOO  inhabitants. 

BUFFALO. 

The  capital  of  Erie  county  and  a  port  of  entry, 
is  situated  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at 
the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek :  population,  by  census 
of  1840,  18,213.  This  city  is  admirably  situated  on 
an  elevated  plain,  and  being  almost  wholly  of  mo. 
dern  date,  is  much  more  regularly  laid  out  and  hand- 
somely built  than  most  of  the  other  interior  towns. 
Buffalo,  then  a  mere  village,  was  burnt  by  the  British 
during  the  late  war;  but  has  risen  with  augmented 
PI)lendor  from  it3  ashes. 

The  streets,  which  are  mostly  wide  and  furnished 
with  side  walks,  some  of  them  being,  in  the  splendor 
of  their  stores  and  their  elaborately  painted  signs, 
nowise  inferior  to  those  of  the  Metropolis.  The  growth 
of  Buffalo  within  the  last  few  years  has  been  most 
rapid.  Along  the  lake  side,  which,  prior  to  1810,  was 
little  else  than  a  sandy  flat,  now  extends  a  succession 
of  handsome  buildings,  which,  with  the  shipping  and 
the  activity  every  where  displayed,  present  the  ap. 
pearance  of  a  large  commercial  city.  The  public 
buildings  consist  of  a  court  house  and  jail,  16  church- 
es, 2  banks,  theatre,  mills,  and  a  vast  number  of 
factories,  common  to  places  of  this  description.    The 


30 


ALBANY    TO    NIAGARA    FALLS. 


C5J 


most  important  of  these  arc,  3  for  carriages,  14  for 
malt  liquors,  5  fur  soap  ami  candles,  4  for  tobacco, 
9  for  ironmongery,  2  for  chcuiicaLs,  and  8  printing 
houses.  A  pier,  1,500  feet  in  length,  extends  into 
tho  lake  from  the  bank,  behjw  the  mouth  of  Dufl'ulo 
creek.  Though  now  of  such  ini[)ortan&3,  little  more 
than  fifteen  years  have  elap&ed  since  Buffalo  was  cor- 
rectly described  by  Darby  as  "a  village  containing 
1,000  inhabitants."  The  progress  of  the  town  in  the  in, 
terval  in  commerce  and  in  the  accumulation  of  wealth 
and  population,  is  unprecedented  in  tho  history  of 
eettlement.  The  situation  of  Bullalo  necessarily  ren- 
ders it  a  principal  scat  of  the  trade  between  the  east. 
em  cities  and  the  western  and  north-wesiern  states, 
and  as  the  population  and  trade  of  those  states  in- 
<!r^ased,  it  could  not  fail  proportionally  to  augmeni 
the  trade  of  Buffalo. 

There  are  now  (1843)  upwards  of  75  steam-boats 
and  about  350  sailing  vessels  employed  in  the  lake 
trade,  much  the  larger  portion  of  which  centres  in  Buf. 
•falo.  4,061  vesselsofevery  sort  were  entered  or  clear- 
ed at  the  custom-house  in  1810.  The  amount  of  mer- 
chandise  sent  eastward  on  the  canal  in  182(5,  wa3 
5,131  tons;  in  1840,  177,G0G  tons.  Sliould  the  popu- 
lation  of  Buffalo  continue  to  increase  in  the  same  ratio 
as  it  has  done  for  tho  last  12  or  15  years,  of  which 
there  is  no  reason  to  doubt,  it  will  contain,  30  years 
hence,  a  population  of  nearly  200,000. 

Elnckiock,  2  miles  north  from  Buffalo,  on  the  Erie 
canal,  is  a  large  incorporated  village,  containing  near- 
ly 2.000  inhabitants,  with  extensive  and  various  fac- 
tories, and  mercantile  establishments.  The  great 
pier,  built  at  the  expense  of  the  state,  deserves  atten- 
tion. 

T'onawnndn.—A  village  of  Erie  county,  contain- 
ing 700  inhabitants,  situated  on  Grand  Inland  sounds, 
at  the  discharge  of  Tonawanda  creek.  Tho  Erie  canal 
and  tho  Buffalo  and  Niagara  falls  railroad  pass 
through  the  village* 


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70 


ROUTE   FROM 


W 


Fort  Schlosser. — Built  by  the  British  during  the 
old  French  war,  stands  in  front  of  the  nr-ids,  about 
a  mile  above  the  falls.  Here  tho  stennitv  Caroline 
was  destroyed  by  a  detachment  of  Uritish  troops  a 
few  years  since,  from  which  the  well  known  McLcod 
affair  took  its  rise. 

Niagara  Falls. — A  magnificent  catnract  in  that 
portion  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  whicli  rxtends  be- 
tween  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  commonly  called  •'Ni. 
agara  river  '*  This  river  issues  from  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Lake  Erie,  near  Buffalo,  and  runs  north- 
ward 20  miles  to  Goat  or  Iris  island,  where  it  is  preci- 
pitated over  a  limestone  ledge  into  a  deep  and  narrow 
chasm,  whence  it  proceeds,  with  a  constandy  c  ecrcas- 
ing  velocity,  a  fnrther  distance  of  15  miles,  and  enters 
Lake  Ontario,  between  the  villages  of  Niagara  and 
Youngstown.  Li  this  course  of  35  miles  the  river 
descends  334  feet,  this  being  the  difference  of  level 
between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario. 

Goat  Island,  at  the  very  verge  of  the  cataract,  di- 
vides it  into  two  sheets  uf  water ;  one  of  these,  called 
the  Horse-shoe,  on  the  Canada  side,  is  1,800  feet 
wide,  and  158  feet  in  perpendicular  height;  and 
the  other,  called  the  American  Falls,  is  about  600 
in  width,  and  1G4  in  height.  The  breadth  of  the  is- 
land is  about  1,500  feet.  The  rock  over  which  the 
water  is  percipitated,  consists  of  a  compact  limestone 
in  nearly  horizontal  strata,  resting  upon  a  mass  of 
soft  shale,  which  decays  and  crumbles  away  more 
rapidly  th.n  the  former;  so  that  the  calcareous  rock 
forms  an  over-hanging  mass,  projecting  40  feet  or 
more  beyond  the  concave  rock  below. 

By  the  continual  destruction  of  the  rocks,  owing 
to  the  eddies  and  spray  rushing  against  tliem,  the 
falls  have,  within  the  last  50  years,  receded  upwards 
of  150  feet ;  and  tiiis  process  has  unquestionably  been 
going  on  for  countless  ages.  There  seems  to  be  no 
reasonable  ground  for  doubting  that  the  falls  were 
pnce  at  Queenstown,  7  miles  below  their  present  po- 


I 


■.>^'i 


ALBANY    TO    MA6AKA    FALLS. 


71 


siiion.  Such  being  the  case,  the  fiill^  must  be  dcs. 
tined,  in  process  of  time,  to  invade  Lake  Erie  itself, 
vvhicli  would  then  be  cornpleleiy  drained,  and  its 
prf'sent  bod  thus  converted  into  fertile  fields  and  cul. 
livated  gardens. 

The  depth  of  the  water  is  much  greater  on  tlie 
Canadian,  than  on  the  American  side;  and  hence, 
while  the  scarcely  hidden  rocks  below  the  American 
fall  cause  the  (lood  to  be  broken  into  foam,  the  deep 
green  hue  of  the  other,  is  but  slightly  changed  by  the 
crests  rising  above  it. 

The  finest  view  of  the  falls,  pprbuns,  is  from  the 
Table  rock  on  the  Canadian  shore,  aiM  mi  the  b  uka 
above,  whence  the  rapids  may  be  en  l  ,1 :  the  lat. 
ter,  however,  are  best  seen  from  Goat  Island^  to 
which  access  is  had  by  means  of  a  bridge  from  the 
American  side.  On  the  north  side  of  Goat  Island, 
the  rocks  projecting  inti  the  river  immediately  over 
the  falls  are  reached  by  another  wooden  bridge,  be- 
low which  the  water  rushes  with  frightful  velocity. 
From  these  rocks,  on  which  an  observatory  has  been 
erected,  the  view  over  the  precipice  is  at  once  ter- 
rific  and  grand. 

As  the  banks  of  the  ravine  below  the  falls  ris6  to 
the  height  of  200  feet  or  more,  artificial  means  are 
necessary  forefl^ecting  a  descent  to  the  water's  edge. 
A  spiral  staircase  has  been  constructed  on  each  side, 
and  another  in  front  of  Goat  Island,  by  which  one 
may  descend  to  a  ledge,  styled  "Termination  Rock," 
actually  underneath  the  great  fall  :  by  these  means 
the  falls  may  be  viewed  in  almost  every  possible  di- 
rection. 

Among  the  principal  waterfalls  throughout  the 
world,  there  are  several  that  exceed  in  height  those 
of  Niagara  :  but,  with  regard  to  the  quantity  of  water 
discharged,  in  an  unbroken  mass,  there  are  none  that 
can  be  compared  to  those  of  Niagara.  In  these  re- 
spects they  are  pre-eminent. 


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PhotDgraphic 

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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)«72-4S03 


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72  ROUTE   FROM 

The  following  tabid  exhibits  the  relative  elevations 
of  the  moat  remarkable  cataracts  : 

Staubach,  Switzerland 900  feet. 

Tequendama,  S.  America, 800 

Velino,  Italy, 300 

Montmorenci,  Canada  east,  24G 

Caterskill,  New  York, 210 

Niagara,  (mean  height) 161 

There  are  several  interesting  objects  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  falls  which  deserve  attention  ;  among  them  may 
be  mentioned  the  Burning  Spring,  near  the  outlet  of 
Chippewa  creek  whirlpool,  two  miles  below  the  falls  ; 
Sorcerer's  cave,  just  below  the  falls  ;  the  battle  fields 
of  Chippewa,  Lundy's  Lane  and  Queenstown;  Fort 
Schlosser,  where  the  steamboat  Caroline  was  des- 
troyed ;  the  remains  of  Brock's  monument,  near 
Queenstown  ;  Welland  eanal  in  Canada,  extending^ 
from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario,  and  the  villages  of 
Chippewa,  Manchester  Falls,  liewistown.  Queens, 
town,  Whitehaven  or  Grand  Island,  Tuscarora  and 
Seneca  Indians — the  former  near  Lewistown,  and 
the  latter  4  miles  S.  E.  from  Buffalo. 

The  vicinity  of  Niagara  has,  in  some  degree,  be- 
come classic  ground.  Among  the  battles  of  the  last 
war,  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
there  were  perhaps  none  more  sanguinary,  nor  the 
contest  between  the  combattants  so  obstinate  as  those 
of  Queenstown,  October  18th,  1814,  in  which  Gen. 
Brock  was  killed  ;  of  Chippewa,  July  5th,  1814,  and 
of  Bridgewater. 


Houte  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  via  Utiea  and  So" 
Chester,  by  the  Erie  canal. 

West  Troy 7    Schenectady,  ....17    30 

Cohoes  Falls 3     10    Amsterdam 17    47 

Lower  aqueduct  .  3    13    Fultonville,  10    57 


Ifj^oM   ALBANY    TO    BUFrALO. 


73 


Canajoharie, 12    69 

Fort  Plain 3     72 

Little  Falls IG    88 

PIerkimer,Ui).Br.  8    96 

Frankfort 5  101 

Utica 9  110 

Whitesboro', 4  114 

Oriskany, 3  117 

Rome, 8  125 

New  London,....   7  132 

Canastota,    14  146 

New  Boston, 4  150 

,Chittenango, 3  153 

Manlius  Centre,.  9  162 

Lodi, 8  170 

Syracuse,  1  171 

Geddes 2  173 

Camillus 6  179 

Jordan, 11  190 

Port  Byron, 9  199 

Montezuma, 6  205 


Clyde 11  216 

Lyons, 9  225 

Newark, 7  232 

Port  Gibson, 3  235 

Palmyra, 5  240 

Fairport 12  252 

Piiisford, 7  259 

Rochester 10  269 

Spencersville,  ....12  281 

Brockport 8  289 

Ilolley,,..^. 15  294 

Hulberton,  ,.  4  298 

Albion,  6  304 

Knowlsville, 7  311 

Medina, 4  315 

Middleport,  6  321 

Lockport, 12 

Pendleton, 7 

Tonawanda, 12 

Black  Rock, 9 

Buflalo, 2 


West  Troy. — An  incorporated  town  of  Albany 
county,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson,  im- 
mediately opposite  to  the  more  ••  ancient  Troy"  of 
Rensselaer  county,  which  will  be  noticed  hereafter. 

West  Troy  is  a  new  town,  the  great  mass  of  its 
buildings  having  been  erected  within  tlie  last  10  or  15 
years.  It  now  contains  more  than  1,000  buiklings, 
including  10  churches,  20  extensive  manufactories, 
a  bank,  a  .vast  number  of  warehouses,  stores  and 
Workshops,  and  about  900  dwellings,  with  a  popu. 
lation  of  5,500.  The  United  Stales  Arsenal,  an  im- 
mense  establishment,  consisting  of  33  buildings  and 
extensive  grounds,  is  situated  in  West  Troy,  and 
forms  one  of  its  most  conspicuous  features.  The 
Hudson  is  here  crossed  by  a  fme  bridge  and  horse 
lx>ats. 


333 

t\ 

340 

1 

352  . 

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363 

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ROUTE   FROM 


1 


Cohoes  Falls.— A  beautiful  and  romantic  cataract 
of  the  Mohawk  river,  situated  near  its  extrance  into 
the  Hudson.  The  principal  fall  has  a  descent  of  about 
70  feet,  but  the  entire  fall,  includinj?  the  rapids  above 
and  below,  exceeds  120  foet.  A  fme  view  of  the  falls 
may  be  had  from  the  bridge  about  half  a  mile  below. 

Lower  Aqueduct. — Hero  the  Eric  canal  crosses 
from  the  south  to  the  north  bank  of  the  Mohawk, 
-which  it  follows  for  6  miles,  and  then  repasses  the 
river,  by  the  Upper  Aqueduct,  and  resumes  its  course 
along  the  south  or  right  bank  of  the  stream. 

Schenectady.f 

Amsterdam.^ 

Fultonville. — A  village  of  Montgomery  county.con- 

taining  70  dwelhngs,  a  church  and  about  400  inhab- 

"itants,   chiefly  occupied  in  manufacturing  and  the 

lumber  trade.   A  bridge  across  the  Mohawk  connects 

it  with  Fonda  on  the  north. 

Canajoharie. — A  large  and  thriving  town,  situated 
on  the  line  of  the  Eric  canal,  containing  a  population 
of  1,400,  3  churches,  an  academy,  2  flouring  and  2 
saw  mills,  furnace,  brewery,  &.c.  A  railroad,  hence 
to  Catskill,  is  in  course  of  execution,  a  portion  of 
which,  extending  from  Catskill  to  Crooksbury,  26 
miles,  is  now  in  operation. 

Fort  Plain. — A  village  of  Montgomery  county,  sit, 
uated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  containing 
1,500  inhabitants.  The  public  buildings  are,  two 
churches,  a  bank,  3  mills,  1  furnace  and  1  distillery. 

Little  Falls.i 

Herkimer  upper  brids^e,  extends  across  the  Mo- 
hawk to  the  village  of  Herkimer,  situated  on  the  north. 
(See  R.  R.  route  from  Albany  to  Buft'alo.) 

Frankfort  — A  village  of  Herkimer  county,  situated 
on  the  Erie  canal,  containing  500  inhabitants,  two 
churches,  a  woolen  factory,  &c.j 


prii 
ab( 


ALBANY   TO   BUFFALO. 


75 


UticaA 

Whiteshord'A 

Oriskany. — A  large  village  of  Oneida  county,  com- 
prising 2  churches,  2  extensive  woolen  factories,  with 
about  1,200  inhabitants. 

liomcf 

New  London. — A  small  settlement  of  about  35 
buildings  and  200  inhabitants,  in  Oneida  county, 

Canastota. — An  incorporated  village  of  Madison 
county,  containing  800  inhabitant*,  3  churches,  sev- 
eral minor  factories,  tStc. 

Neio  Boston. — A  small  but  neat  village  of  Madi- 
Fon  county,  containing  about  150  inhabitants. 

Chitienango. — A  large,  handsome  and  flourishing 
town  of  Madison  county,  comprising  200  dwellings, 
3  churches,  a  railroad  depot,  2  water  lime  and  1 
woolen  factory,  grist  mill,  and  about  1,100  inhabi. 
tants.  A  valuable  medicinal  spring,  composed,  in 
part,  of  sulphates  of  lime,  magnesia  and  soda,  car- 
bonate of  lime,  &c.,  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and 
carbonic  acid  gases,  has  recently  been  discovered  in 
the  vicinity  of  Chittenango. 

Manlius  Centre. — A  village  of  Onondaga  county, 
containing  a  church  and  50  other  buildings,  with 
about  300  inhabitants. 

Lodi. — A  villace  of  Seneca  county,  of  about  60 
buildings  and  400  inhabitants. 

Syracuse.^ 

Geddes. — An  incorporated  village  of  Onondaga 
county,  with  700  inhabitants,  1  church,  &c.  Geddes 
is  celebrated  lor  its  maiiafacture  of  salt — saline 
springs  having  been  found  in  the  village. 

Cajnillus.f 

Jordan. — An  incorporated  manufacturing  village 
of  Onondaga  county,  containing  about  200  buildings, 
among  which  are,  3  churches,  3  grist  and  3  saw 
mills,  3  factories,  with  about  1,300  inhabitants. 


,:.'**«?.-«.  wii.JiJrfiiHvX'. 


76 


ROUTE   FROM 


Port  Byron. — An  incorporated  village  of  Cayuga 
county,  consisting  of  160  dwellings,  3  churches,  1 
extensive  grist  mill,  3  leather  factories,  4  saw  mUls^ 
&c. 

Montezuma. — A  thriving  village  of  Gayuga  coun. 
ty,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Eric  canal  with  the 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal.  It  contains  about  700 
inhabitants,  with  1  church,  stores,  taverns,  &c.  Im- 
mense quantities  of  salt  are  made  here  from  the  s&. 
line  springs,  which  abound  in  this  section  of  the 
state.  The  Moutezuma  marshes,  consisting  of  a 
narrow  strip  of  wet  land,  extend  along  Gayuga  outlet 
and  Seneca  river  for  a  distance  of  15  miles. 

Clyde. — An  incorporated  village  of  Wayne  county, 
comprising  3  churches,  an  academy,  4  grist  mills,  1 
saw  mill,  1  furnace,  2  glass  factories,  and  about  150 
dwellings.     Population  about  1,100. 

Lyons. — A  large  incorporated  town  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Wayne  county,  containing  nearly  2,000 
inhabitants.  Its  principal  buildings  are,  a  court 
house,  jail,  5  churches,  1  bank,  2  largo  warehouses, 
2  grist  and  2  saw  mills,  1  furnace,  and  other  facto- 
ries, which  produce  leather,  potash,  machinery,  car- 
riages. Access  to  the  neighboring  towns  is  had  by 
means  of  stages,  railroad  cars,  canal  boats,  &c., 
■which  are  constantly  arriving  at  and  disparting  from 
this  active  place. 

Newark. — A  village  of  Wayne  county,  containing 
230  buildings  and  1,300  inhabitants.  Among  the 
buildings  are,  3  churches,  1  steam  flouring  mill,  2 
furnaces,  and  some  other  factories. 

I'ort  Gibson. — A  village  of  200  inhabitants,  with 
a  church,  &:,c.,  in  Ontario  county. 

Palmyra. — A  large  incorporated  village  of  Wayne 
county,  containing  upwards  of  2,000  inhabitants,  4 
churches,  an  academy,  hotels,  stores,  &c  ,  with  the 
customary  proportion  of  tradesmen's  warehouses^ 
shops,  offices,  &c.  It  is  deliphlfuUy  situated  in  the 
centre  of  a  productive  ogricultural  district,  and  is^ 


ALBANY    TO    BUFFALO. 


77 


altogether,  ono  of  the  most  attractive  villages  of  the 
state.  Its  manufactures  are  extensive  and  valuable, 
consisting  principally  of  flour,  iron  castings,  carriages, 
and  many  other  articles. 

Fairport. — A  village  of  Monroe  county,  containing 
about  180  inhabitants. 

Piitsford. — A  village  of  Monroe  county,  contain, 
ing  700  inhabitants,  2  churches,  &c. 

Hochester.f 

Spencersville. — A  village  of  Monroe  county,  con- 
taining a  church,  50  dwellings,  2  grist  and  2  saw 
mills,  a  carriage  factory,  a  furnace,  and  about  300 
inhabitants. 

Broclport. — A  pleasant  incorporated  tOMfn  of  2,000 
inhabitants,  situated  in  Monroe  county,  containing  3 
churches,  an  academy,  1  grist  and  1  saw  mill,  a 
carding  machine,  and  many  similar  establishments. 

Ilolley. — A  village  of  Orleans,  containing  about 
300  inhabitants,  2  churches,  and  70  dwellings. 

JIulberton. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  with  a 
church  and  250  inhabitants. 

Albion. — Seat  of  justice  for  Orleans  county,  and 
one  of  the  most  pleasant  villages  on  the  canal,  both 
in  point  of  situation  and  plan.  It  is  incorporated,  and 
has,  in  addition  to  the  usual  county  buildings,  2  flour. 
ishing  seminaries,  2  banks,  3  churches,  8  large  ware- 
houses for  the  accommodation  of  the  canal  trade,  a 
grist  mill,  and  several  merchants'  stores,  taverns,  &c. 

Knowlesville. — A  clever  little  village,  7  miles  be- 
yond Albion.  It  is  incorporated,  and  has  about  500 
inhabitants,  3  churches,  and  3  or  4  factories. 

Medina. — An  incorporated  village  of  Orleans  coun- 
ty,  situated  on  Oak  Orchard  creek,  where  it  intersects 
the  Erie  canal.  The  present  number  of  inhabitants  is 
about  900,  with  160  buildings,  including  5  churches, 
7  warehouses,  3  grist  mills,  stores,  taverns,  &c.,  &c. 

Middleport,  in  Niagara  county,  is  a  neat  village, 
comprising  70  or  80  dwellings,  2  churches,  3  grist 

7* 


T8 


ROUTE    FROM 


,i! 


arid  2  saw  mills,  and  6  extensive  factories  of  leather^ 
iron  castings,  potash,  &c. 

Lockport. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  first 
class,  and  seat  of  justice  for  Niagara  county.  With 
the  exception  of  Duffalo  and  Rochester,  it  is  the  most 
important  commercial  and  manufacturing  town  in 
western  New  York.  Lockport  now  numbers  up- 
wards of  7,000  inhabitants,  and  nearly  1,000  build- 
ings of  every  description  :  included  among  the  latter 
are,  a  court  house,  jail,  13  churches,  30  hotels,  2 
banks,  and  about  40  extensive  factories,  which  pro- 
duce immense  quantities  of  articles ;  such  as  cottonr 
and  woolen  goods,  prepared  lumber,  ground  plaster, 
machinery,  iron  castings,  and  agriculturnl  instru- 
ments  of  %very  sort,  carriages,  leather,  bread  stuffs, 
and  many  other  articles.  The  power  employed  by 
these  factories  is  derived  from  Lake  Erie,  through 
the  medium  of  tlie  Erie  canal ;  which,  having  a  de- 
scent here  of  60  feet,  supplies  an  almost  unlimited 
amount  of  hydraulic  force.  The  prodigious  excava- 
tions through  which  the  caiial  now  passes  and  de- 
scends the  terrace  into  the  Ontario  valley,  and  the 
ponderous  locks  by  which  the  descent  is  effected, 
are  every  way  deserving  of  careful  examination. 
This  is  one  of  the  most  costly  sections  of  the  canal, 
having  been  cut  through  compact  rock  for  a  great 
distance,  both  horizontally  and  vertically. 

Passengers  for  the  falls  leave  the  canal  here,  and 
proceed  by  the  railroad  a  distance  of  24  miles.  Con- 
veyance in  almost  every  direction  is  afforded  by  the 
canal  boats,  stages,  or  cars,  which  leave  Lockport 
daily. 

Pendleton. — A  small  settlement  of  Niagara  county, 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Erie  canal  and  Tona. 
wanda  creek,  containing  nearly  200  inhabitants. 
There  is  a  sulphur  spring  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
east  from  Pendleton,  which  is  becoming  a  place  of 
some  resort. 

TonatoaR(2a.— A  village  of  Erie  county,  comprising 


ALBANY    TO    BALLSTON,    SPA,    &C.  79 

about  150  buildings,  includin;;r  a  church,  workshops, 
A^c.  The  railroad  from  BuH'iloto  Ningara  passes 
through  the  village,  which  is  one  of  the  stopping 
places. 

^uffalo.i 


SI 


Excursion  to  Ballston,  Spa,  Saratoga,  and  Lake 

George, 

Schenectady,  by  railroad, 16 

Ballston,  Spa,  .         ••      14  30 

Saratoga  Springs,     "       7  37 

Fortsville,  bystage, 11  48 

Glenn's  Falls,     "    6  54 

Caldwell,            "    9  63 

Ticonderoga,      «•    37  100 

SchenectadyA 

Ballston  Spa. — The  springs  of  Ballston  Sjia  have 
long  been  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  qualities, 
and  are  resorted  to  by  vast  numbers  of  invalids  and 
others.  The  waters  resemble  those  of  Saratoga, 
though  not  so  strongly  impregnated  with  the  mineral 
ingredients  which  characterise  the  latter.  They  are 
chiefly  saline  and  chalybeate,  but  in  various  degrees. 
Some  are  exceedingly  cold,  and  strongly  charged 
with  oxid6  of  iron  and  carbonic  acid  gas.  Their 
mediv:inal  qualities  are  of  the  cathartic  and  tonic* 
kind.  The  chief  ingredients  of  these  celebrated 
waters  consist  of  chloride  of  sodium,  bicarbonites  of 
magnesia  and  soda,  carbonate  of  lime,  with  slight 
traces  of  carbonate  of  iron,  silex,  and  alumine. 

In  addition  to  about  320  dwellings,  there  are,  in  the 
village,  4  churches,  1  bank,  a  court  house,  jail,  and 
several  excellent  hotels  and  boarding  houses,  reading 
rooms,  &c.  Ballston  Spa  is,  in  every  respect,  one 
of  the  most  pleasant  and  salubrious  places  of  resort 
itt  the  county.    Here  is  a  railroad  to  Troy. 


80 


AOUTli:   FROM 


<l* 


m 


One  of  tho  principal  drives  from  the  8pa  is  to 

Bullston  Lake,  5  miles  soullnvnrd,  where  equip, 
ments  for  fishing  and  fowling  niny  be  obtained. 
A  few  miles  to  the  S.  E.  is  liuund  Lake,  another  at- 
tractive  spot,  aboiimling  al.so  witli  fi^h  and  fowl. 
The  waters  of  these  liikes  arc  discharged  into  the 
Hudson  by  Anthony's  Kill. 

Saratoga  Springs. — Tho  most  celebrated  of  these 
springs  occupy  the  central  part  of  Saratoga  county, 
and  are  about  cqui. distant  from  Schenectady  and 
Glenn's  Falls.  Every  accommodation  is  afforded 
the  visiters  by  the  spacious  and  elegant  hotels  which 
abound  here.  Tho  most  noted  of  these  are,  the 
United  States,  near  the  railroad  depot;  Congress 
Jlatl,  near  Congress  f  pring ;  Pavilion,  near  Flat 
Kocksprir.g;  Union  ILill,  opposhe  Congress  Hall; 
Columbir.n,  near  the  Pavilion  ;  WasJdngton  Hall,  in 
the  nonh  end  of  the  village ;  American,  Adelphi, 
Montgomery,  uuJ  Mansion  Iluusc.  In  the  eastern 
suburbs,  Prospect  Hall  and  Highland  Hall',  to- 
gether with  some  other  hotels  and  extensive  board- 
ing houses.  There  arc  also  commodious  bathing 
houses,  circulating  library,  reading  rooms,  minera- 
logical  cabinet,  &.c.,  &c. 

Among  the  other  buildings  are,  6  churches,  a  rail- 
road depot,  an  academy,  2  foundries,  printing  offices, 
&c  ,  and  about  32.5  dwellings. 

The  springs  of  Saratoga,  now  the  resort  of  thous- 
nnds  of  persons  in  search  of  health  or  pleasure,  from 
almost  every  part  of  the  world,  were  discovered  long 
anterior  to  the  revolutionary  war. 

Congress,  Washington,  Putnam,  Pavilion,  Iodine^ 
Hamilton,  High  Rock,  and  Flat  Hock,  are  the  names 
by  which  the  principal  springs  are  known. 

In  addition  to  these  are  others,  called  the  Ten 
springs,  which  include  the  Union  spring,  about 
a  mile  east  of  the  others.  The  ingredients  which 
compose  the  waters  of  these  springs  are  nearly  the 
same  in  all,  differing  but  slightly  in  the  relative  quan.r 


ALUANY    TO   SAnATOOA.  61 

tity  of  each.  Dr.  Steel's  analysis  of  one  of  them, 
(Congress  spring,)  afTords  a  sufficient  insight  into  the 
nature  and  qualities  of  the  entire  series. 

From  231  cubic  inches  (one  gallon)  of  tho  water 
were  ol)taincd — 

Grains. 

Chloride  of  sodium,  (sea  solt,) 385  0 

Hydriodate  of  soda, 3  5 

Bi.carbonate  of  soda, 8  982 

••  magnesia, 9.5  788 

Carbonate  of  lime, : 98  098 

"  iron 5  075 

Silex, 1  5 

HydrO'bromatc  of  potash,  a  trace. 

Total  Grains .')97  943 

Carbonic  acid  gas,  cubic  inches, 311 

Atmospheric  air ,  7 

Gaseous  contents, 318 

Saratoga  Lake. — Situated  about  5  miles  S.  E.  from 
the  spring,  is  much  frequented  by  the  lovers  of  roman- 
tic scenery  by  which  this  beautiful  lake  is  surrounded. 
Its  waters  abound  with  several  kinds  of  fish ;  as 
perch,  pike,  pickerel,  &c.;  and  the  variety  of  wild 
fowl  and  other  game  which  inhabit  its  borders,  afford 
ample  amusement  for  the  sportsman.  The  waters  of 
these  springs  flow  through  a  small  ravine  into  Owl 
lake,  thence  into  Kayaderoseros  creek,  a  tributary 
of  Saratoga  lake,  which  has  its  discharge  into  the 
Hudson  through  Fish  creek,  about  10  miles  E.  of  Sa- 
ratoga, on  the  falls  of  Fish  creek,  which  are  also 
much  frequented  as  one  of  the  *'  lions  "  of  the  neigh- 
borhood :  and  a  little  further  on,  near  Schuylersville, 
is  the  battle-ground  of  Saratoga,  where  the  British 
Urmy,  under  General  fiurgoyne,  surrendered  to  tho 
American  forces,  October  17,  1777. 
Fortsville. — A  post  office  of  Moreau  township. 


82 


KOUTE    I'UOM 


!  i' 


Glen*a  Fulh. — A  cntoract  or  rather  n  cascade  of  the 
Hudson,  with  an  ontiro  descent  of  70  feet.  Tlio  rock 
18  hero  cut  and  obrnided  in  the  most  extraordinary 
manner ;  caves,  crevices,  and  tforgcs  of  almost  every 
imnpinnblo  form  arc  pii'scnteij  to  tlio  sight;  over 
whicii,  or  thi\)ii;j:h  which  tiic  wMcr  |ihi.'r:cs,  or  silently 
insiinintcs  ilHelf,  until  itreaulus  the  hi'd  Ijelow,  where 
it  calmly  rcpn?c3  as  If  wearied  with  tliu  mighty  strug- 
gle just  ended- 

The  rock,  rin  hori;contal secondary  limrptonc,  is  rich 
in  its  appropriate  iuf.-.siis!.  Some  of  the  finest  speci- 
mens  of  the  triiobito  have  been  found  here,  together 
with  many  other  organic  remains. 

The  falls  can  bo  best  seen  from  the  fine  new 
bridge,  immediately  below. 

Here  an  extensive  and  thriving  town  has  gro\vr» 
up,  consisting'  of  nearly  300  buildings  with  about  2,000 
iidiabitants.  Among  the  former  arc,  3  churches,  10 
or  liJ  mills  of  various  sorts,  some  for  sawing  the 
bcantiful  black  marble  which  is  found  on  both  sides 
of  the  river. 

Jessui)''s  Falh. — Ten  miles  above  Glen's  Falls  is  a 
cataract  of  the  Hudson,  wJiich  here  descends  in  an 
unbroken  sheet  from  a  height  oi'  100  feet.  Hadley's 
Falls  3  or  4  miles  higher  up  the  stream,  also  deserves 
attention. 

Caldwell — A  village  and  seat  of  Justice  of  "Warren 
county,  containing  about  2;25  inhabitants,  a  court 
lioiipc,  jail,  1  church,  several  hotels,  mills,  &,c. 

Among  tiic  relics  of  former  wars  in  this  vicinity, 
are  Forts  Geor<r',  soudi-east  of  tiio  village,  Willi, vi 
Henri/,  near  the  fi>i-nior,  and  Giigc;  and  still  further 
south-east,  is  lHotifli/  Fond,  into  which  the  dead 
bodies  of  about  1,000  French  and  Englit^h  soldiers 
were  thrown  after  the  battle  of  He]>t.  7,  1775. 

T/te  Lake  House. — The  principal  hotel  of  the  place, 
is  nmch  resorted  to,  and  is  the  point  of  deporture  of 
the  steamboat  which  conducts  the  traveler  through 

Lake  George. — One  of  the  juost  beautiful  and  ro- 


AMIANV    Tu    IJ.VLI.STON    81».\,    &C, 


83 


mantio  sheets  of  wntcr  in  the  ptnte,  is  ronncctcd  by 
a  narrow  clinnncl  uiid  deep  foil  with  Lnko  Chnm- 
plain,  to  which  it  is  trihutnry.  It  has  in  its  iinrncdi- 
nte  vicinity,  or  rather  ri:<ini,'  from  its  banks,  sonio  of 
tho  most  elevated  siinituits  in  this  part  uf  tlio  state, 
having  tlieir  prccipitoiiy  aides  covered  witli  forest 
trees. 

There  is  a  vast  numbci  of  stnnll  island.^  in  tliO  lake, 
many  of  wliich  are  pictnrcsqiio  and  iieautiful  to  a 
high  degree.  One  of  them  {Diamond  Island)  con. 
tains  beautiful  (luaitz  erystalH,  resembling,  in  their 
purity  ond  form,  diamonds  of  tlio  first  water.  Travel- 
ors  uniformly  bear  testimony  to  tho  tranquil  beauty 
and  sylvan  scenery  which  characterivce  this  beautiful 
spot.  Nature  here  assumes  her  most  charming  and 
alluring  aspect,  to  graiify  and  astonish  her  admirers; 
here  rocks  piled  on  rocks  rise  to  a  towering  height,  and 
seem  to  threaten  with  instant  destruction  those  who 
venture  beneath  their  overhanging  summits.  In  somo 
places,  tho  scenery  is  of  the  softest  and  most  agree- 
able  kind,  consisting  of  finely  sloping  banks  orna- 
mented with  foliage  of  every  \^\xq.  Tho  beauty  of  tho 
scene  has  not  yet  been  marred  by  the  encroachment 
of  art;  nature  here  reigns  triumphant.  The  waters 
of  the  lake,  which  arc  elevated  210  feet  above  tho 
ocean,  and  perfectly  pure  and  transparent,  abound 
with  salmon,  trout,  pickerel,  pike,  perch,  silver  and 
lake  trout.     At  the  fool  of  the  lake  is 

Alexandria. — A  village  of  Essex  county,  situated 
on  Lake  Champlain,  at  the  outlet  of  Loke  George, 
containing  about  300  inhabitants,  mostly  engaged  in 
the  lumber  trade. 

The  fall  between  the  two  lakes,  which  is  nearly  20O 
feet,  affords  an  abundant  supply  of  water  for  man- 
ufacturing purposes ;  but,  with  the  exception  of  somo 
5  or  6  saw  mills  and  a  few  other  works,  the  im- 
mense water  power  which  nature  has  here  provided, 
remains  almost  wholly  unemployed. 

Fort  Ticonderoga. — Situated  on  the.northcrn  point 
formed  by  the  junction  of  the  two  lakes.    Of  this  once 


5  ''L 


If 

i 

4 


84 


ROUTE    FROM 


important  work  nothing  but  the  broken  walla  rema'iC* 
presenting  a  melancholy  contrast  with  the  animated 
scenes  around.  It  is  considerably  elevated  above 
Lake  Champlain,  which  is  seen  for  a  great  distance 
towards  the  north  and  south.  Its  position,  it  was 
considered,  rendered  the  post  nearly  impregnable  until 
attacked  from  a  more  elevated  point  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  outlet  of  Lake  George,  which  had  until 
then  been  deemed  inaccessible. 

The  most  important  incident  connected  with  this 
post,  then  in  the  possession  of  the  French,  was  the  at- 
tack  of  Gen.  Abercrombie,  with  a  force  of  16,000  men, 
on  the  5th  of  July,  1758;  who  was  signally  repulsed 
with  a  loss  of  2,000  men,  whilst  that  of  the  French 
did  not  exceed  50.  The  French  garrison  consisted 
of  3,000  men,  including  Indians. 

The  steamboats  of  Lake  Champlain  stop  at  the 
landing  near  Fort  Ticonderoga,  by  which  passage 
may  be  had  to  St.  Johns,  and  thence  to  Montreal. 


Route  from  Albany  to  Montreal,  via  Saratoga,  f^akp 
Champlain,  c^c, 

Saratoga, 37 

Sandy  Hill,  by  stage, 19     56 

Kingsbury        •'  5    61 

Fort  Ann         " 5     66 

Whitehall         "  11     77 

Ticonderoga,  by  steamboat, 26  103 

Crown  Point, 14  117 

Westport,  by  steamboat, 11  128 

Essex,  "  11  139 

Port  Kent,         ♦•  18  157 

Plattsburg  "  18  175 

Rouse's  Point,  "  30  205 

St.  Johns,  «  22  227 

La  Prairie,  by  railroad, 16  243 

Montreal,  by  steamboat 9  252 

Sandy  Hill. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of 


ALBANY    TO    MONTREAL. 


85 


justice  of  Washington  county,  with  a  population  of 
1,100,  and  some  300  buildings,  including  a  court 
house,  jail,  &c.;  3  churches,  9  extensive  factories 
propelled  by  the  water  of  the  Hudson,  which  here  falls 
about  12  feet.  A  short  distance  below  the  village  are 
JSaker*s  Falh,  having  an  unbroken  descent  of  50  feet. 

A  navigable  feeder  of  the  Champ'ain  canal,  and 
the  Saratoga  and  Washington  railroad,  pass  through 
the  village. 

Kingsbury. — A  smallhaniletofWashington  county, 
containing  a  church  and  20  or  25  buildings. 

Fort  Ann. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  same 
county,  situated  on  the  Champlain  canal,  comprising 
3  churches  and  nearly  100  other  buildings,  with 
about  600  inhabitants. 

Whitehall. — An  incorporated  town  of  Washington 
county,  situated  at  the  extreme  head  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  It  contains  about  2,500  inhabitants,  350 
dwellings,  3  churches,  a  bank,  15  factories,  besides 
a  due  proportion  of  taverns  and  workshops  ;  but  ita 
chief  business  is  connected  with  the  canal  and  trans- 
portation trade.  Here  the  Champlain  canal  termi- 
nates, and  here  the  lake  navigation  commences. 
Steamboats  and  sailing  vessels  on  the  former,  and 
canal  boats  on  the  latter,  are  the  chief  modes  of  con- 
veyance employed  here,  and  arc  very  extensively 
u;3ed.  Canal  boats  depart  twice  a  day  for  Troy,  and 
steam  once  a  day  for  St.  Johns  and  the  intermediate 
places. 

Ticonderoga.i 

Croipn  Point. — A  military  post  of  former  times,  of 
which  the  ruins  only  remain  :  they  may  be  seen  from 
the  water,  perched  upon  a  point  on  the  side  of  the 
lake,  opposite  Cedar  point. 

Westport. — A  village  of  Essex  county,  on  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  containing  GOO  inhabitants, 
2  churches,  an  academy,  &.c.  There  is  a  ferry  her^ 
to  the  opposite  shore  of  the  lake. 


ft) 


M 


ill: 


. 


86 


ROUTE    FROM 


Essex. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  situtitod  on 
the  west  shore  of  Lake  Chaninlaiii,  coiitnining  G50 
inhabitants,  3  cliurches. 

A  ferry  coin^.Tiu;ucatc3  with  the  village  of  Charlotte, 
on  the  eastern  shore. 

Fort  Kent. — A  busy  little  villngc  of  Essex  county, 
with  about  .'5'JC)  iii'iabilai^t.s,  a  church,  and  the  usual 
proportion  of  taverns,  workshops,  &c.  The  jjositiori 
of  Port  Kent  ia  one  of  great  beauty  ;  it  aflbrds  an  ex- 
tensive  view  of  the  lake,  and  opposite  shore  of  Ver- 
mont. 

Platishurg. — An  incorporated  village  and  scat  of 
justice  of  Clinton  county,  situated  at  the  head  of  Cum- 
berland bay.  Lake  Cliarnplain,  at  the  outlet  of  the 
Saranac.  Its  present  population  is  about  2,750.  The 
chief  buildings,  besides  the  United  States  barracks 
in  the  south  part  of  the  village,  are,  a  court  house,  jail, 
4  churches,  a  bank,  a;i  academy,  20  factories  which 
produce  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  flour,  prepared 
XTiarble,  lumber,  leather,  ninchiiicry,  soap  and  candles, 
besides  many  other  articles  from  the  shops,  &.c.  The 
falls  of  the  Saranac  havitig  an  entire  descent  of  about 
•10  feet,  supply  a  water  pov/cr  of  great  extent. 
Plattsburg  is  favorably  situated  both  in  regard  to  ths 
lake  trade  and  that  of  the  interior,  which  is  extremely 
rich  in  agricultural  and  mineral  productions. 

Flattsburg  and  its  viciinty  are  memorable  as  the 
scene  of  most  important  events  during  the  recent 
conflict  with  Great  Britain.  It  was  near  this  place 
that  the  British  General,  Sir  George  Prevosjt,  with 
1-1,000  men,  was  signally  defeated  by  the  Americai^ 
General,  Macomb,  with  only  3,000  men,  on  the  11th 
of  September,  1814;  and  on  the  same  day  another 
victory,  equally  decisive,  vv'as  achieved  over  a  British 
fleet  by  Com.  M'Do:iough,  with  a  force  greatly  in- 
ferior to  that  of  the  English. 

Rouse^s  Point. — On  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain  is  the  scat  of  an  important  military  work,  com^ 
monccd  by  the  American  government  prior  to  the  latb 


ALBANY    TO    MONTUKAL. 


87 


1  on 
G50 


war;  but  on  fixing  ihc  boundary  line  between  thft 
United  States  and  Canada,  under  the  treaty  of  Ghent, 
it  was  found  to  be  north  of  the  lino,  and  consequently 
within  the  Britiph  territory.  It  thus  became  British 
property,  and  as  such  was  held  by  the  provincial 
government,  ui.'il  lesiorrd  to  the  United  iStates  iu 
obedience  to  the  Ai-hbuilon  treaty  of  18-12. 

St.  Johns. — 'I'his  is  the  first  important  place  on  the 
lake,  or  rather  outlet  of  ChampUiiu,  williiii  the  British 
dominions.  It  is  situated  about  21  miles  north  of  the 
boundary  line,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sorel,  ajid  com- 
municates by  railroad  with 

La  Prairie. — A  neat  little  village  of  La  Prairie 
District,  Canada  East,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  opposite  the  south-east  angle  of 
Montreal  island.  A  steamboat  plies  between  La 
Prairie  and  Montreal. 

MohtrtalA 


Route  from  Albany  to  Montreal,  via  Troy,  Easton^ 
and  Whitehall,  by  stage  and  steamboat, 

Troy, 6 

Lansingburgh, 3  9 

Schagticoke  point, 7  16 

Easton, 10  26 

Atgylc, 20  46 

Hartfort, 10  56 

Granville 7  6.3 

Whitehall, 9  72 

Montreal,  as  above 175  247 

Troy.f 

Lansinghitrgh. — An  incorporated  village  of  Rens. 
Bclacr  county,  on  the  cast  bank  of  the  Hudson,  con- 
taining  3,200  inhabitants.  In  addition  to  500  dwell- 
ing houses,  there  arc  7  places  of  worship,  1  bank,  an 
academy,  and  26  extensive  factories,  whose  produce 
is  iron  and  copper  ware,  floor  cloth,  brushes,  prepared 


m\ 

m 
111 


88 


ROUTE    FROM 


gypsums,  flour,  fire-arms,  soap  and  candles,  malt 
liquors,  shoes  and  bouts,  hats,  h.c. 

Lansingburg  is  environed  by  a  beautiful  and  exceed- 
ingly populous  country.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Hudson,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  is 

Waterford. — A  very  handsome  and  thriving  vil- 
lage of  Saratoga  county. 

The  Diamond  Hock. — A  celebrated  eminence,  com- 
posed in  part  of  quartz  crystal,  is  situated  about  one 
mile  east  from  the  village. 

Schagticoke. — A  small  settlement,  with  a  post  of- 
fice, in  Rensselaer  county. 

Easton. — A  village  of  Washington  county,  con- 
taining 350  inhabitants,  3  churches,  with  the  usual 
complement  of  stores,  taverns,  &c. 

Argyle. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  same 
county,  containing  550  inhabitants,  with  3  churches, 
grist  and  saw  mills,  stores,  &c. 

Hartford. — A  little  village  of  the  same  county, 
containing  150  inhabitants,  2  churches,  &c. 

Granville. — A  village  of  Washington  county,  of 
100  buildings,  with  about  600  inhabitants. 

Whitehall.f 

Montreal.^ 


From  Albafiy  to  Whitehall,  by  the  Champlain  canal. 


West  Troy, 7 

Waterford, 4  11 

Mechanicsville,...  8  19 

Stillwater, 4  23 

Bemufe'  Heights,  .   3  26 

Schuylorsville 9  35 


Fort  Miller, 5  40 

Fort  Edward 8  48 

Kingsbury,  5  53 

Fort  Ann 7  60 

Whitehall, 12  72 


West  Troy.f 

Waterford. — An  incorporated  village  of  Saratoga 
county,  situated  on  the  Hudson,  where  it  is  joined 
by  the  north  outlet  of  the  Mohawk.    The  village  con- 


ALBANY    TO    AVIIITEIIALL. 


89 


i 


tains  4  churches,  1  bank,  an  academy,  and  17  exten- 
eive  factories,  which  produce  leather,  fire  engines, 
machinery,  iron  castings,  buttons,  cordage,  flour, 
cotton  goods,  &c.  The  vilhige  is  connected  with 
Lansingburgh  by  a  fine  wooden  bridge.  The  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  railroad  from  Troy  passes  through 
the  village. 

Mechanicsvillc. — Situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  in  Saratoga  conn(y,  contains  about  100 
buildings  and  550  inhabitants.  Among  the  former 
arc,  2  churches,  a  cotton  factory,  1  grist,  1  saw  and 
1  plaster  mill.  The  village  is  intersected  by  the 
railroad  from  Troy  and  Saratoga,  and  the  Champlain 
canal, 

Stilhoatcr,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  in 
Saratoga  county,  contains  about  500  inhabitants,  3 
churches,  an  academy,  &.c. 

Stillwater  is  distinguished  in  tlic  annals  of  the  revo- 
lution.  The  battles  of  Saratoga,  Bcmus'  Heights, 
&c.,  which  resulted  in  the  surrender  of  General  Bur- 
goyne  to  the  Americans,  under  General  Gates,  in 
1777,  were  fought  in  this  neighborhood. 

Betmis'  Heights. — The  field  on  which  one  of  the 
battles  just  mentioned  took  place.  A  small  settle- 
ment, with  a  post  ofiice,  now  occupies  the  ground. 

Schuyler svillc,  on  tiie  west  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
in  Saratoga  county,  contains  600  inhabitants,  3 
churches,  an  academy,  1  cotton  and  1  woolen,  1  iron 
ware,  1  machine,  and  some  other  factories.  It  was 
near  this  vihage  that  Burgoyne  surrendered,  October 
l7ih,  1777. 

Fort  Miller,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  in 
Washington  county,  contains  300  inhabitants,  a 
church,  and  3  or  4  factories. 

There  is  a  fall  here  of  20  feet,  and  a  dam  of  8 
feet,  by  which  the  water  is  raised  to  supply  the  canal. 

Fori  Edicard,  of  Washington,  contains  500  inhab- 
itants,  a  church,  and  several  factories,  stores,  &c. 

The  village  derives  its  name  from  a  fortress,  buil? 

8* 


a 


90 


ROUTE    FROM 


during  the  old  French  war.  It  is  also  memorable  as 
the  scene  of  a  most  ahocking  tragedy,  in  which  Misa 
McCren  was  murdered  by  a  party  of  Indians,  who 
had  undertaken  to  convey  her  to  her  friends  :  but  a 
dispute  having  arisen  among  them  respecting  the 
promised  reward,  and  being  attacked  by  a  party  of 
American  soldiers,  they  slew  the  unfortunate  young 
lady,  whom  they  left  on  the  ground,  tomahawked  and 
scalped. 

Kingshury. — A  small  hamlet  and  post  bffice  in 
Washington  county. 

ForUAnn. — An  incorporated  village  of  Washing- 
ton county,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Wood  creek, 
a  tributary  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  contains  80  dwell- 
ings, 3  churches,  and  about  500  inhabitants.  The 
remains  of  old  Fort  Ann,  erected  in  1756,  may  still' 
be  seen  here. 

WhitehaU.i 


From  Albany  to  Ithaca,  via  Cooperstown,  by  stage. 

Duanesburg,  20  Smyrna, 20    94 

Esperance, 6  2G  Deruyter,  21  115 

Cherry  Valley,.... 2G  52  Truxton 10  125 

Cooperstown, 12  G4  Cortland 13  138 

Burlington 10  74  Ithaca, 21  159 

Duanesburg. — A  small  settlement,  with  a  post 
office,  in  Schenectady  county. 

Esperance. — An  incorporated  village  of  Schoharie 
county,  containing  500  inhabitants,  a  church,  and 
some  small  factories. 

Cherry  Valley. — An  incorporated  village  of  Otsego 
county,  containing  1,200  inhabitants,  3  churches,  a 
bank,  an  academy,  &c. 

About  18  miles  beyond  Esperance  are 

Sharon  Springs,  which  have  of  late  attracted 
unusual  attention ;  they  arc  situated  in  the  town  of 
Sliaron,  Schoharie  county,  a  few  miles  cast  of  Cherry 


ALBANr    TO   ITHACA.  91 

Valley.  The  waters  of  these  springs,  which  resemble 
those  of  Central  Virginia,  being  highly  charged  with 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  are  efficacious  in  rheum, 
atic,  cutaneous,  and  dyspeptic  disorders.  The  mine, 
ral  substances  found  on  analyzing  one  gallon  of  tho 
water,  were 

Sulphate  of  lime, IM  G3  grains. 

""    magnesia 42  40  " 

Chloride  of  sodium, 2  24  «• 

"    magnesium, 2  40  •• 

Hydro-sulphuret  of  sodium, .  i 

"    calcium,..  >     2  28  " 
Vegetable  extractive  matter, .  ) 

Total  grains 160  94 

Sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas,  16  cubic  inches. 

Situated  in  one  of  the  most  salubrious  sections  of 
the  state,  surrounded  by  romantic  and  beautiful  sce- 
nery, with  waters  possessing  in  a  high  degree  medical 
and  healing  properties,  the  springs  of  Sharon  must 
henceforward  be  regarded  as  one  of  our  most  attract- 
ive and  fashionable  watering  places.  A  splendid 
hotel,  built  on  a  liberal  scale,  has  been  erected  for  the 
accommodation  of  invalids  and  others.  • 

Travelers  from  Albany  destined  for  these  springs, 
have  a  choice  of  route.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
either  the  railroad  or  Erie  canal  may  be  taken  to 
Canajoharie,  whence  to  the  springs  it  is  about  12 
miles. 

C'ooperstown. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat 
of  justice  of  Otsego  county.  It  occupies  a  fine  posi- 
tion on  the  outlet  of  Otsego  lake,  commanding  an 
extensive  view  of  the  lake  and  adjacent  country.  Its 
population  is  about  1,500.  A  court  house,  jail,  5 
churches,  a  bank,  an  academy,  and  some  extensive 
storehouses,  constitute  its  chief  buildings. 

Burlington. — A  small  hamlet,  with  a  post  officer 
in  Otsego  county. 


^11 


m 

0 

If 


92 


ROUTE    FUOM 


Smyrna. — An  incorpornrcd  village  of  Chennnjpro 
county,  containing  450  inliabitants,  2  cliurclies,  and 
3  factories. 

Dernyter, — An  incorporated  villngo  of  Madison 
county,  having  400  inliabitants,  2  churches,  an  acad- 
emy, shops,  &.C. 

Truxiun — A  village  of  300  inhabitants,  2  churches, 
a  furnace,  and  2  or  3  minor  factories. 

Cortland. — Seat  of  justice  of  Cortland  county,  con- 
taining 1,300  inhabitants,  the  usual  couiity  buildings, 
3  churches,  3  mills,  and  some  mechanics'  shops. 
The  site  of  Cortlarid  is  well  chosen,  and  the  village 
itself  is  handsome  and  well  built. 

Ithaca. — An  incorporated  villago  and  scat  of  jus. 
tice  of  Tompkins  county,  is  beautifully  located  on 
Fall  creek,  near  the  southern  angle  of  Cayuga  lake. 
Its  plan  is  judiciously  arranged,  with  wide  and  com- 
modions  streets,  lined  with  neat  and  some  splendid 
houses;  and  in  all  respects  it  is  one  of  the  finest,  as 
it  is  the  largest,  town  in  this  section  of  the  state. 
Population  about  4,500.  The  public  buildings  con- 
sist of  a  court  house,  jail,  G  churches,  an  academy, 
3  banks,  &c.  The  factories  arc  located  principally 
upon  Fall,  Catcadilia,  and  Six  Mile  creeks,  which' 
nflbrd  an  abundance  of  hydraulic  power.  Among 
these  are,  1  paper  mill,  3  furnaces,  1  oil  mill,  1  cot- 
ton and  1  woolen  factory,  2  plaster  and  2  flouring 
mills,  1  brewery,  2  machine  shops,  1  carding  mill, 
and  others ;  together  with  an  extensive  rope  walk» 
boat  yard,  &c.  Its  advantages  for  trade  are  in  no 
respect  inferior  to  those  already  mentioned.  It  has 
a  water  communication  with  the  Erie  canal  to  the 
north,  by  means  of  Cayuga  lake  and  its  outlet,  which  is 
navigated  by  steamboats.  Towards  the  south,  extends 
the  Ithaca  and  Owego  railroad  ;  and  on  all  sides  are 
several  good  common  roads,  leading  to  Binghamton, 
Cortland,  Cayuga,  Geneva,  Jefierson,  and  Elniira> 
respectively. 


ALBANY   TO    BOSTOrr. 


93 


go 


Boute  from  Albany  to  Boston,  by  railroad. 

Kinderhook, 16 

Chatham  four  corners, 7    S3 

Richmond 18    41 

Pittsfield, 8    49 

Dalton, 5    54 

Washington, 8    62 

Chester, 19     81 

Springfield, 21  102 

Palmer 15  117 

Warren, 10  127 

Charlton, 16  143 

Worcester, 13  156 

Framingham, 23  179 

Boston, 21  200 

Kinderhook. — An  incorporated  village  of  Colum. 
bia  county,  containing  nearly  1,500  inhabitants,  2 
churches,  1  banking  house,  and  factories  of  carriages, 
hats,  leather,  &c. 

Chatham  four  corners. — A  little  village  of  Cdlum. 
bia  county,  comprising  30  dwelling  houses,  with  about 
180  inhabitants. 

Eichmond. — An  incorporated  town  of  Berkshire 
county,  Mass.,  containing  1,097  inhabitants,  chiefly 
employed  in  agriculture.  Its  manufactures  consist 
of  pig  iron,  shovels,  leather,  boots,  shoes,  &.c. 

Pittsfield. — A  large  manufacturing  town,  and  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  agricultural  district  of  Berk- 
shire, Mass.,  containing  3,747  inhabitants.  The 
place,  originally  called  Pontoosuck  by  the  Indians!", 
was  for  many  years  a  frontier  town,  garrisoned  fo^ 
the  protection  of  the  inhabitants  against  hbstile  In- 
dians. Pittsfield  is  finely  situated  in  the  Housatonic 
Valley,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet  above  the  ocean, 
and  surrounded  by  a  country  beautifully  variegated 
by  hill  and  dale. 

Its  manufactures  consist  of  cotton  and  woolen 


m, 
■^#1 


94 


nouTE  rnoM 


goods  to  a  great  amount,  fire  nruis,  iron  castings,  tin 
ware,  &c. ;  and  its  chief  buildings  arc,  4  churches,  a 
banking  house,  academy,  1  cotton  factory,  &c. 

Dalton. — An  incnrporntcd  town  of  Berkshire, 
Mass.,  contjiining  1,255  iiihnbitanis.  Tlie  produce 
of  its  factories  consists  ofwoolfii  goods,  iron  castings, 
leather,  pajer,  hoots  niul  whites. 

Washington. — An  incorporated  town  of  Berkshire, 
Mass.,  containing  91)1  inhabitants,  1  church,  8  saw 
and  I  grist  mills. 

Chester. — A  town  of  Hampden  county,  Mass.  con- 
taining  1,G32  inhabitants,  2  cotton  and  1  woolen 
factories,  1  fulling  mill,  5  saw  and  2  grist  mills, 
stores,  &.C. 

Springfield. — A  large  and  beautiful  town  of  Ilamp- 
den  county,  of  which  it  is  the  scat  of  justice,  situated 
on  the  east  or  left  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  incorpo. 
rated  in  1G45.  It  comprises  the  usual  county  build, 
ings,  court  house  &c.,  6  churches,  8  cotton,  4  paper, 
and  3  leather  factories,  2  breweries,  3  saw  and  3 
grist  mills,  several  printing  oflices,  from  v.'hich  four 
weekly  papers  are  issued,  3  ncademies.  Population 
of  the  township,  including  the  village  of  Chickopee, 
4  miles  above  Springfield  village,  10,935. 

The  United  States  has  here  an  extensive  manufac 
tory  of  arms,  consisting  of  4  large  brick  buildings 
and  several  work  shops,  and  employing  about  250 
workmen.  The  power  employed  by  this  establish- 
ment is  derived  from  Mill  and  Chickopcc  rivers, 
branches  of  the  Connecticut. 

West  Springfield. — On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
Connecticut,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge 
1,234  feet  in'length,  is  a  rcmarknlily  neat  village,  con- 
taining 1  church,  several  mills,  S^c. 

Palmer. — A  mere  hamlet  of  Hampden  county,  con. 
eisting  of  15  or  20  dwelling  houses,  &c.  and  about 
130  inhabitants. 

fu  Warren. — A  small  village  of  Worcester  county,  sit- 
uated on  Chickopec  river,  containing  2  cUurches,  3 


ALBANY    TO    UOHTON. 


9S 


cotton  and  1  woolen  fiictoricp,  2  fulling,  3  grist  and 
4  envv  mills,  1  iorrro,  ^c. 

Cluirlton. — A  vilhigo  of  Worcester  county,  contain- 
ing I  cottoa  fiictory,  J  fulliiifj,  10  saw  and  7  grist 
inillg,  &.C. 

'\Vi>rcc>'U:r. — A  lnr,i,o  nml  thriving,'  town,  and  seat 
of  jii-slice  lor  Wurqcstcr  cuunly,  cDiiiaiiiinif  7.'t97  in- 
habitantd.  It  ia  favorably  situated  in  tlic  infdst  of  a 
fertile  counti y,  inlcrscctcd  by  cxctllciit  roads  in  every 
dircctiu;i.  Tlio  J'uston  an. I  Worcester  railrouil  ter- 
minates, and  tlio  western  railroad  commences  hero, 
as  does  that  to  Norwich.  The  DIackstono  canal, 
which  extends  to  Providence,  also  commences  here. 
The  chief  buildings  consist  of  those  devoted  to  tho 
county  courts  and  ofiiccs,  4  churches,  a  banking- 
house,  a  hall  belongin;^  to  the  American  Antiquarian 
Society,  State  Asylum  for  lunatics,  1  cotton,  and  1 
woolen  factory,  1  furnace,  2  paper,  2  grist  and  2  saw 
mills,  4  [irinting  ofiices,  each  of  which  issues  a  week- 
ly paper.  Dy  means  of  the  various  railroads,  daily 
communication  i^  had  with  Boston,  Albany,  Norwich, 
and  the  intern;c:dialc  towns. 

Frarnin^ham. — An  incorporated  town  of  Middle- 
sex county,  comprising,  in  addition  to  several  neat 
dwelling  houses,  a  church,  1  leather,  4  woolen  and 
1  paper  factories,  4  grist  and  4  saw  mills. 

JJocton.f 

TROY. 

A  large  commercial  and  manufacturing  city  of 
Rensselaer  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice, 
and  the  fourth  in  point  of  population  of  the  state  of 
New- York  ;  containing  19,334  inhabitants. 

It  is  very  advantageously  situated  on  the  east  bank 
pf  the  Hudson,  a  short  distance  below  the  head  of 
3loop  navigation  ;  having  in  the  rear  an  extensive  fer- 
tile region,  of  which  it  is  the  depository.  Its  faciUties 
for  intercourse  are  in  no  way  inferior  to  its  agricul- 
tural advantages,  having  the  Champlain  canal  in  the 


'11 


II 


96 


ROUTE   FHOH 


aouth,  tho  Erie  canal  from  tlio  west,  tlie  noble  Hud- 
son  ill  the  south,  together  with  the  use  of  tho  various 
railroads  which  extend  in  ahnost  every  direction. 

Among  the  principal  buildinfr«  nre,  a  court  house, 
built  of  marble,  a  jail,  an  nhns  liousc,  two  extensive 
market  houses,  3  Kpiscoj-al,  7  rresbyterinn,  2  Bap- 
tist, 3  Methodist,  1  Catholic,  1  Univcrsniiat  churches, 
and  a  Friends'  meetiujj.house  ;  G  bnukin^f  iiouscs,  21 
hotels,  7  cotton,  and  2  woolen  factories,  4  furnaces,  8 
forges,  3  fulling  and  2  rolling  mills,  and  slitting  mills  ; 
3  breweries,  5  carriage  factories,  7  tnn-yards,  together 
with  a  large  number  of  minor  establishments  of  a 
simiUar  description.  The  power  employed  by  these 
extensive  concerns,  chiefly  hydraulic,  is  derived  from 
the  Hudson,  in  which  a  pool  has  been  formed  which 
creates  a  fall  of  11}  feet.  In  addition  to  this  valuable 
power,  another  is  afTurded  by  the  Poastcn  kill,  whoso 
waters  are  conducted  by  means  of  a  tunnel  800  feet 
in  length  into  the  city,  and  thus  a  fall  of  180  feet 
has  been  efTected. 

The  falls  and  cascades  of  Paosten  and  Wyani'a 
creeks  deserve  attention. 

Troy  is  also  distinguished  for  its  literary  and  sci- 
entific institutions  ;  among  these  are  the  Rensselaer 
institute,  Troy  Female  Seminary,  Troy  Academy  for 
Boys,  Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  Young  Men's  Mu- 
tual  Improvement  Association,  together  with  several 
benevolent  institutions.  Troy  is  supplied  with  excel, 
lent  water  from  the  Piscawen  creek.  The  water  is 
conveyed  to  a  distributing  basin,  90  feet  above  the 
Hudson,  and  situated  n  the  north  quarter  of  the  city. 
The  city  communicates  with  West  Troy  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Hudson,  by  means  of  a  bridge. 
Steam  and  canal  boats,  cars  and  stages,  afford  almost 
hourly  communication  with  the  surrounding  towns. 
The  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  railroad  extends  hence, 
via  Waterford  and  Mechanicsville,  to  Ballston  Spa,  a 
distance  of  24  miles,  where  it  intersects  the  Schenec 
tady  and  Saratoga  railroad.    Tho  Schenectady  and 


AOCTES    FROM   TROY.  9? 

Troy  railroad  extends  from  Troy  along  (Ik  ^nuth  bank 
of  the  Mohawk  to  Schenectady,  a  distance  ot  :il)  miles, 
where  it  joins  the  great  western  line  t(   HulFulu  &.(;.* 

By  Steamboat.  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Albany.f G 

*•  Hudson.t 35 

«•  Catskill.t 40 

••  Poughkeepsie.t 77 

♦•  Newbur^r.t 90 

'••  West  Point.t 99 

M  Sing  Sing.t 118 

«•  Piermont.t  127 

••  Ncw-York.t 151 

By  jRailroad.  Miles, 

From  Troy  to  Ballston,  Spa.t 24 

"  Saratof^a  SpringSjT 31 

"  Schenectady.t 20 

"  Utica.t 97 

'•  Syracuse.t  150 

"  Auburn.t 176 

"  Geneva.t 212 

••  Canandaigua.t 227 

"  Rochester.t 254 

"  Attica.t 297 

'•  Buffalo.t 327 

"  Niagara  Falls.t 350 

By  Erie  Canal.  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Schenectady.t 23 

*•  Canajohaiie,t 62 

♦•  Little  Falls.t 81 

"  Utica.t 103 

"  Syracuse.t 164 

«•  Montezuma.t 198 

••  Lyons.t 218 

"  Rochcster.t 262 

"  Lockport,t 326 

••  Buffalo.t 356 

9 


'U 


',^ 


98 


ROUTE    FROM 


By  Champlain  Cannl.  Miles. 

'From  Troy  to  Mcchanicsville.t 12 

"  Fort  Miller,t 33 

"  FortAnn,t 53 

««  Whilehall,t 65 

By  Stage.  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Lansingburghjt 3 

"  Easton.t 20 

"  Ilartford.t 50 

M  Whiiehall.t 66 

»•  Bennington,  V.,t 26 

By  Railroad,  Miles. 

From  Troy  to  Greenbush,t 6 

"  Pittsfield,  Mass.,t 55 

"  Springfieldt    "     109 

"  «•  Worcester.t    "     162 

•«  Boston,t         "     206 

UTICA. 

A  largo  and  flourishing  commercial  city  of  Oneida 
county,  having  a  population,  according  :o  the  census 
of  1840,  of  12,810,  and  upwards  of  1,700  buildings. 
Among  these  are,  18  places  of  worship,  an  ex- 
change, 4  banks  of  discount  and  deposit,  and  1  for 
savings  ;  county  hall  and  offices,  2  academies,  1 
asylum  for  orjjhans,  a  museum,  &c.  The  New- York 
State  Asylum  for  Lunatics,  an  immense  establishment, 
is  situated  about  half  a  mile  to  the  west  of  the  city. 

Its  principal  manufactures  consist  of  machinery, 
iron  castings,  steam  engines,  oil-cloth,  musical  instru- 
nients,  carriages,  snulfand  scgars,  malt  liquors,  canal 
boats,  &c.,  &c. 

Utica  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  and  productive 
agricultural  district,  and  as  such,  enjoys  superior  ad- 
vantages :  it  is  also  indebted  for  its  rapid  increase 
and  prosperity,  in  a  great  measurci  to  its  situation  on 


i     i 


OTIC  A    TO    SACKETT'S    HARBOR. 


99 


the  Erie  canal,  which  here  presents  an  oppearance 
of  life  and  animnfion  peculiarly  striking  to  one  who 
is  not  familiar  Avith  such  scenes. — Canal  boats,  rail- 
road cars  and  stnges,  are  constantly  arriving  ot  de- 
parting ;  these  enable  travelers  to  proceed  without 
delay  to  any  point  thoy  may  desire.  About  14  miles 
nearly  due  north,  arc  llic  famous 

Trenton  Falls,  on  West  Canada  creek,  a  branch 
of  iho  Moiiawk.  They  consist  of  a  succession  of 
cascades,  formed  by  tlie  passage  of  the  stream  over 
a  limestone  ridge.  The  principal  fall  has  a  descent 
of  about  70  feet ;  none  of  the  others  exceed  30  feet 
in  vertical  height.  The  aggregate  fall  of  the  entire 
fieries  is  about  40U  feet,  extending  in  a  direction  from 
north  to  south  nearly  4  miles.  The  rock,  a  slaty 
limestone,  has  every  appearance  of  having  been 
abraided  by  the  action  of  the  water,  even  to  its  top. 
most  stratum.  In  some  places  the  sides  of  the  narrow 
ravine  are  nearly  200  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
stream,  which  is  constantly  encroaching  npon  its 
bed,  and  sinking  gradually  deeper  into  the  solid  rock. 
Much  of  the  pathway  which  extends  along  the  right 
bank  of  the  stream,  consists  of  a  narrow  shelf,  cut 
from  the  rocky  side — so  narrow  and  rugged,  thai 
supports  were  found  ncccppary.  These  consist  of  iron 
chains,  adjusted  horizontally,  and  fastened  to  bolts 
inserted  in  the  rocks  :  by  thi;  aid  of  these  conrrivan- 
CCS,  which  the  ])!issenger  grasps  with  his  hands,  he 
is  enabled  to  traverse  the  nntirc  ravine  ;  but  not  with-, 
out  imminent  danprr  of  being  precipitated  into  the 
roaring  cauldron  below.  An  interesnng  and  aceom- 
lilished  young  lady  (Miss  Thorne)  lost  her  life  somo 
years  since  at  one  of  those  dangerous  passes. 


't%» 


■ll'1 


In 


100 


ROUTE   FROM 


IH 


ROUTES  FROM  UTICA. 

From  Utica  to  SacketVs  Harbor,  by  stage, 

Trenton 14     Lowville 4  54 


Remsen 4  18 

Boonevillc 14  32 

Turin 11  43 

Martinsbui-cr 7  50 


Denmark 9  63 

Watertown 19  82 

Brownville 4  86 

Sackett's  Harbor...  8  94 


Trenton. — An  Incorporated  village  of  Oneida  couii' 
ty,  containing  about  450  inhabitants,  2  churches, 
stores,  Sec.  A  short  distance  from  the  village  are 
the  romantic  and  beautiful  cascades  called  Trenton 
Falls,  mentioned  nt  page  99. 

lieinsen. — A  village  consisting  of  about  70  dwell* 
ings,  3  mills,  «Stc.,  in  Oneida  county. 

BooncvUle. — A  village  of  Oneida  county,  contain. 
ing  650  inhabitants,  2  churches,  1  grist  and  1  saw 
mill,  tan  yard,  &c.  The  Black  river  canal  passeft 
through  the  village. 

Turin. — A  small  village  of  Lewis  county,  com- 
prising  50  buildings,  2  churches,  1  woolen  factory,  1 
tan  yard,  2  grist  and  2  saw  mills. 

Martinsburg. — Seat  of  justice  ofXewis  county, 
containing  between  6  and  700  inhabitants,  3 churches, 
a  court  house,  jail,  a  bank,  an  academy,  1  woolen 
factory  and  several  mills.  The  post  road  from  Utica 
to  Ogdonsburg  passes  through  the  village. 

Lowville. — A  village  of  Lewis  county,  containing 
700  inhabi<"ants,  3  churches,  an  academy,  a  bank, 
mills,  ^c. 

Denmark. — A  neat  little  village  of  Lewis  county, 
containing  about  200  inhabitants,  a  church,  and  an 
academy. 

IVatcrtmun. — A  large  and  important  village  of 
Jefferson  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice. 
It  is  favorably  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Black 
river,  and  contains  the  county  buildings,  7  churches, 
state  arsenal,  3  banking  houses,  3  printing  offices, 


TITICA    TO    SACKETT's    HARBOR. 


101 


}iall  oftliG  Black  river  Institute,  Manual  Labor  School, 
Young  Men's  Literary  Association,  &,c.  Among  tho 
factory  buildings  arc,  3  for  carding,  I  for  llannel,  I 
for  broadcloth,  1  for  cotton  goods,  2  for  woolens,  4 
for  carriages,  3  carding  mills,  5  grist  mills  Ti  tan  yards, 
1  paper  mill,  3  machine  shops,  2  furnaces,  4  saw' 
mills,  1  brewery,  together  with  every  other  establish- 
ment common  to  a  large  and  busy  town. 

The  villages  of  Juhelville  and  Williamstown,  on 
the  opposite  bank  of  Black  river,  which  is  here  crossed 
by  fine  bridges,  may  be  regarded  as  appendages  of 
Watertown.     The  entire  population  of  the  whole  is- 
about  4,500. 

Brownville. — An  incorporated  village  of  JefTerson 
county,  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Black  river, 
containing  about  1,100  inhabitants,  3  churches,  1' 
cotton,  2  satinet,  and  1  white  lead  factory ;  2  iron 
foundries,  2  machine  shops,  1  oil  mill,  1  tan  yard,  &c: 

SacketVs  Harbor. — An  incorporated  villrge  of  Jef- 
ferson county,  containing  about  2,300  inhabitants. 
It  is  favorably  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Black  river, 
on  one  of  the  finest  harbors  of  Lake  Ontario.  The 
principal  buildings  are,  3  churches,  1  bank,  an  ex- 
tensive rope  walk  and  ship  yard,  1  grist,  3  saw  and 
1  plaster  mill,  1  machine  shop,  2  furnaces,  and  1  tan- 
yard. 

•'  Madison  Barracks,"  erected  bv  the  government 
of  the  U.  States,  during  the  late  w<ir  with  Great  Bri- 
tain, consist  of  a  large  storehouse,  a  h  ispital,  aguard' 
house,  and  3  commodious  barracks,  ilie  whole  being 
enclosed  by  a  picket  fence.  Sackeii's  Harbor  be- 
came quite  conspicuous  during  the  late  struggle  with- 
England.  Here  most  of  the  war  vessels  of  the  U. 
States,  on  the  lake,  were  built  and  equipped ;  and 
here  may  still  be  seen  the  remains  of  the  largest  of 
those  vessels. 


■  5  Mi 


9» 


It 


Hi 


102 


ROUTE    FROM 


' 


lioute  from  Utica  to  Ogdenshurgh,  by  stage, 

Denmark,  as  above,       63     Somcrville, 8    94 

Carthage, 6  69     De  Kalb 18  113 

Amwerp, 17  86     Ogdensburg, 15  127 

Venmark.f 

Carthage. — An  incorporated  village  of  Jefferson 
county,  comprising  120  dwellings,  2  churches,  an 
academy,  2  forges,  2  furnaces,  1  nail  and  2  axe  fac 
tories,  1  rolling  mill,  1  grist  and  2  saw  mills,  1  oil 
mill,  several  stores,  taverns,  workshops,  &c. 

The  •'  Long"  falls  of  Black  river  at  this  place,  afford 
a  most  valuable  and  extensive,  water  power,  which  as 
yet  is  only  partially  employed. 

Antwerp. — A  small  village,  consisting  of  60  or  70 
buildings,  including  2  churches,  and  some  small  fac. 
tories,  situated  on  Indian  river,  Jefferson  county. 

Somerville. — A  little  village  of  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, of  30  or  40  buildings. 

De  Kalb,  of  St  Lawrence,  is  a  small  village,  con- 
taining some  50  buildings,  including  several  mills, 
taverns,  stores,  «fcc. 

Ogdensburg- — An  incorporated  village  of  St.  Law- 
ranee  county,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  at  the  junction  of  the  Oswegatchie.  Its 
present  population  is  nearly  4,000.  Its  public  build- 
ings  are,  5  churches,  an  academy,  2  banking  houses, 
3  flour  mills,  1  tan  yard,  I  cloth  factory,  2  iron  foun- 
dries,  a  brewery,  2  machine  and  several  other  shops, 
taverns,  and  about  100  stores  of  various  kinds.  A 
steam  ferry  boat  plies  across  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
Prescott,  in  Canada  West.  Passage  by  steamboat 
may  be  had  daily,  from  Ogdensburg  to  the  principal 
towns  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  above  the  village, 
on  Lake  Ontario. 


UTICA    TO    BIJirOHAMTON. 


103 


Houtcft  from  Utica  to  Binghamton,  by  stai^e. 

New  Hartford 4 

Paris  liiil G  10 

Waterville G  IG 

Madison 8  2i 

Hamilton G  30 

Earlville 6  3G 


Sherburne 5  41 

Norwich 11  52 

Oxford 8  60 

Greene 14  74 

Chenango  Forks...  7  81 
Bins:hamton 12  93 


New  Hartford. — A  village  of  Oneida  county,  situ- 
ated on  both  banks  of  the  Sadaquada  creek,  contain* 
ing  850  inhabitants,  4  churches,  3  cotton  and  1  leather 
factories,  mills,  a  bleaching  and  dyeing  concern,  &c. 

Paris  Hill. — A  pretty  little  village  of  Oneida 
county,  consisting  of  some  30  or  40  buildings,  includ- 
ing 3  churches,  with  the  customary  stores  and 
taverns. 

Waterville, — A  neat  and  thriving  village  of  Oneida 
county,  containing  about  1,000  inhabitants,  with  2 
churches,  an  academy,  a  bank,  and  factories  of 
starch,  woolen  goods,  iron  castings,  steel  springs, 
lumber,  machinery,  musical  instruments,  and  flour. 

Madison. — Aii  incorporated  village  of  Madison 
county,  comprising  about  100  buildings,  2  churches, 
taverns,  &c. 

Hamilton — A  largo  incorporated  village  of  Madi- 
son county,  containing  nearly  1,700  inhabitants.  Its 
chief  buildings  arc,  3  churches,  a  college,  (the  Ham- 
ilton Literary  and  Tlieologicallnstitution,)  belonging 
to  the  Baptists,  an  academy,  with  the  usual  comple- 
ment of  stores,  shops,  &cc.  The  Chenango  canal 
passes  through  the  village. 

Earlville. — A  village  of  Madison  county,  with  700 
inhabitants,  2  churches,  stores,  &c. 

Sherburne. — An  incorporated  village  of  Chenango 
county,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chenango 
river,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Chenango  canal.  Its 
chief  buildings  are,  4  churches,  an  academy,  1  furnace, 
I  pottery,  with  about  700  inhabitants. 


1 


im 


BlNGnAMTON. 


Norwich. — An  extensive  incorporated  village,  andf 
scat  of  justice  of  Chenango  county,  containing  about 
1,600  inliabitants.  Besides  the  customary  county 
buildings,  court-house,  jail,  &c.,  there  are  230  dwell- 
ings, 4  churches,  1  saw  mill,  2  giist  mills,  store- 
houses, &c.  Its  manufactures  consist  of  leather  and 
leather  goods,  broadcloth,  coaches  and  carriages  of 
all  descriptions,  musical  instruments,  machinery,  iron 
ware.  These,  in  addition  to  an  extensive  trade  with" 
the  surrounding  fertile  country,  and  the  facilities  of^ 
transportation  afforded  by  the  Chenango  canal,  give 
to  Norwich  an  imposing  and  business-Hke  appear- 
ance. 

Oxford. — An  incorporated   village   of  Chenango, 
county,  containing  about  1,500  inhabitants,  with  200 
dwellir^s,  5  churches,  an  academy,  2  large  store- 
houses, 2  mills,  1  foundry,  carriage  factories,  print, 
ing  offices,  &c. 

Greene. — A  village  of  about  120  buildings  and 
800  inhabitants,  in  Chenango  county.  Here  are  4 
church'^s,  1  grist  and  1  plaster  mill,  1  cloth  and  2 
leather  factories. 

Chenango  Forks. — A  village  of  100  buildings,  in- 
cluding a  church,  in  Broome  county,  situated  at  the 
point  of  junction  of  the  Tioughnioga  with  its  recipient, 
the  Chenango  river,  and  on  the  canal  from  Utica  to' 
the  Susquehanna.  Its  manufactures  consist  of  cloth, 
leather,  and  boots,  &c. 

Binghamton. — An  incorporated  village  of  the  first 
class,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Broome  county,  contain- 
ing about  3,000  inhabitants.  The  public  buildings 
arc,  a  court  house,  jail,  10  churches,  several  acad- 
emies and  schools;  and  its  factories  consist  of  2 
grist,  4  saw  and  2  plaster  mills,  canal  boat  yard  and 
dry  dock,  steam  furnace,  machine  shops,  tan  yards, 
and  lath  and  plough  and  gun  factories,  &c. ;  together 
with  many  store-houses  for  the  accommodation  of 
»he  canal  and  river  trade,  whicli  is  here  extensively 
prosecuted  by  means  of  the  SusqucLunna  and  Che- 


nan 

Th( 
will 
p6t 
adj 
pac 
froi 

1 


ROUTES    FROM   UTICA.  X05 

nango  canal,  tlio  latter  terminating  at  Binghamton. 
The  New- York  and  Eric  railroad,  now  in  progress, 
will  pass  through  the  village,  where  an  extensive  de- 
p6t  has  been  constructed.  Access  to  any  of  the 
adjacent  villages  is  afforded  by  the  numerous  canal 
packets  and  stages,  which  arc  constantly  departing 
from  tho  village  in  every  direction. 

From  Utica  to  Little  Falls  by  canal, 32  miles. 

'«  <'         by  railway, ...  21  " 

*'  Schenectady  t  by  canal,  .  80  «* 

««  "               by  railway,  77  " 

"  Albany  +  by  canal, 110  " 

"  "    by  railway, 93  *« 

«■•  Rome  t  by  canal, 15  " 

«*  "    bj'  railway, 14  *• 

**  Syracuse  t  by  canal 61  *« 

**  "       by  railway, 53  •• 

"  Rochester  t  by  canal,.. ..159  •* 

»•  "         by  railway,. ...158  «• 

*•  Saquoit  by  railway, 9  " 

"  Sharon  Springs  by  stage,  43  ** 

*•  Bridgcwater             "  ....   18  «* 

««  Cherry  Valley          "   ....  40  " 

"  Cooperstown            "  ....  37  '• 

"  Morrisvillc               "  ....  27  " 

«•  Oneida  Lako            "   ....  28  «• 

••  Cswcgo  by  railroad   and 

canal  .. 99  '* 

"  High  Fan's"  of' Black*  R.*  41  «* 

"  Middlevillc 13  « 


HI 


m 


m 


•  r.v 

m. 


ROCIIESTER.t— (See  p.  66.) 

Jiorite  from  Eochcater  to  Olean,  by  stage, 

Scottsvillc, 12  Nunda  Valley,  ....10  49 

Caledonia, 8  20  Angelica,  20  69 

Moscow, IG  3G  Olean,.... .....30  99 

Mount  Morris, .3  39 


m 


Mi 


IOC  ROUTE  rnoM 

ScottsviUc. — A  village  of  Moiiroo  county,  contain  • 
ing  about  550  inliabiiauts,  2  churches,  fi  grist,  2  saw 
and  1  plaster  mill,  distillery,  ashtr.v,  «Stc. 

Caledonia. — A  villafrc  of  Livingston  county,  com- 
prising' 80  dwellings,  2  churches,  a  brewery,  saw 
and  grist  mills,  &.c. 

31oscou\ — A.  village  of  liivingston  county,  contain- 
ing about  450  inhabitants,  3  churches,  taverns,  stores,, 
shops,  &c. 

3Ioiint  Arorris. — An  incorporated  village  of  Liv- 
ingston county,  with  about  230  buildings,  including 
4  churches,  1  furnace,  a  pottery,  4  mills,  propelled 
by  the  waters  of  the  Genesee,  and  1,300  inhabitants. 
The  canal  hero  sends  oO'a  branch  to  Dansville,  dis- 
tant 11  miles. 

Nunda  Valley. — A  village  of  Allegany  county, 
with  nearly  1,100  inhabitants,  3  churches,  an  acad- 
cmy,  1  woolen  factory,  1  furnace,  1  macliine  shopt 
etorcs,  &c. 

Angelica. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of 
justice  for  Allegany  county,  with  about  1,000  inhab- 
itants. In  addition  to  about  150  well  built  dwellings, 
there  arc,  in  ihe  village,  a  court  house,  jail,  a  bank,  SS 
churches,  a  woolen  and  leather  factory,  saw  and 
grist  mills. 

Clean. — A  neat  village  of  Cattaraugus  county, 
beautifully  situated  on  llic  right  or  north  bank  of  the- 
Allegany,  coiUaining  700  inhabitants,  2  churches,  4 
mills,  &:(.'.  The  Gcnosce  valley  canal,  which  unites 
the  Eric  canal  at  Rochester  with  the  Allegany  river,. 
terminates  here,  after  having  passed  through  or  near- 
every  town  on  this  route. 

From  Oleanto  Ellicottsvillc, bystage SOmiles. 

"        Frankliiivilio,         "     25     ♦* 

«»        Bolivar,  "     15     « 

"         Whitcsvillc,  "     35     " 

"        Friendship,  "     20    «« 

*'        Rochester,  by  canaJ, ...101    ^ 


ROCIIESTEU    TO    HATH. 


lor 


From  Olcan  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  by  Alloj^'any 

river,  910  miles. 

"        Coudcrsport,  Pa., 35    '• 


Route  from  EocheHer  to  Bath,  hij  stage,  via  Gcneseo 
and  Avon  Sjmngi^. 

Henrietta,  8     Dunsvillo,  18  48 

Avon  Springs 12  20     Liberty, 12  GO 

Geneseo, 10  30     Batli, IG  7G 

Henrietta. — A  small  village  of  Monroe  county, 
containing  190  inhabitants,  30  dwellings,  2  churches, 
a  high  school,  stores,  &c. 

Avon  Springs. — Celebrated  medicinal  springs, 
much  resorted  to  by  invalids  and  others,  situated  in 
the  town  of"  Avon,  Livingston  county.  The  waters 
of  these  noted  springs,  12  in  number,  are  beneficial 
in  cutaneous  affections,  and  in  disorders  of  the  di- 
gestive  powers  generally. 

They  are  composed  of  carbonate  and  sulphate  of 
lime,  sulphate  of  magnesia  and  soda,  sulphuretted 
hydrogen  and  carbonic  acid  gases,  with  shght  traces 
of  chloride  of  calcium. 

Their  temperature  is  uniform,  (45<^  ofFah.,)  and 
specific  gravity,  10.018. 

Geneseo. — A  large  and  beautiful  village  of  Liv- 
ingston county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice,  con- 
taining about  1,000  inhabitants.  Its  chief  buildings 
are,  a  court  house,  jail,  a  bank,  3  churches,  a  high 
school,  together  with  the  usual  proportion  of  taverns, 
stores,  mechanics'  shops,  &c.  Geneseo  is  finely  sit- 
uated about  4  miles  east  of  the  Genesee,  which,  from 
the  commanding  position  of  the  village,  is  seen,  in 
connection  with  its  canal,  to  great  advantage. 

Dansville. — A  large  and  busy  village  of  Living- 
ston county,  containing  about  1,700  inhabitants,  4 
churches,  and  a  bank.  Dansville  is  admirably  sit- 
uated for  manufacturing  purposes ;  a  fall  of  65  feet, 
in  the  Canaseraga  creek,  affords  an  almost  unlimited 


1!  .1 


il 


in 


■f 


108  ROUTE    FROM 

power,  which  is,  as  yet,  but  partially  employed. 
The  village  is  connected  with  tlie  (Jcnesee  valley 
canal  by  a  branch  11  miles  in  length.  The  man- 
ufactures of  the  place  consist  of  paper,  which  is  made 
in  large  quantities,  leather,  iluur,  iron  castings,  and 
nearly  every  article  of  domestic  use,  as  hats,  shoes, 
soap,  candles,  &c. 

Liberty. — A  neat  little  village  of  Steuben  county, 
on  the  Conhocten  creek,  containing  50  dweUings,  2 
churches  and  nearly  300  inhabitants. 
\  Bath. — An  incorporated  village  and  seat  of  justice- 
of  Steuben  county,  containing  the  county  buildings, 
5  churches,  230  dwellings,  a  bank,  2  printing  offices, 
1  grist,  1  plaster  and  1  oil  mill,  a  tan  yard,  and  a 
furnace,  with  1,500  uiliabitauts. 

From  Bath  to  Crooked  Lake, ,  6  miles. 

"        Kennedyviile, 5  ♦• 

♦•        Avoca, 10  «• 

••         Angelica, 50  " 

•«        Adamsport, 23  *• 

••        Campbell, 12  '• 

.   «•        Corning,  27  " 

♦•         Elmira, A)  ♦• 

*•        Seneca  Lake, 2d  " 

From  Rochester  to  Batavia,  by  railway,...  30  miles. 

"  Buffalo,            "        ...  73  " 

"  *'        by  canal, 94  " 

**  Niagara  Falls,  by  canal 

and  railway, 88  «• 

"  Canandaigua,  byr'way,  27  •• 

[.'•  Auburn,  by  railway,...  51  «• 

"  Utica,                 "        ...157  " 

"  Palmyra,  by  canal 29  " 

"  Lyons,                 •'     ....  44  " 

"  Syracuse,            "     ....   98  " 

"  Utica,                  "     ....159  « 

"  Olean,                  ••     ....107  " 

•*  Lake  Ontario,    «     ....  10  " 


f 


BUFFALO   TO  DETROIT.  109 

BUFFALO.t 

Route  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  by  steamboat. 

Dunkirk, 40    Cleveland, 70  184 

Erie,  Penn, 42     82    Sandusky, 54  238 

Conneaut,  O.,  ....32  114    Detroit, 62  300 

Dunkirk. — An  incorporated  village  of  Chautauquo 
county,  situated  on  the  S.  E.  margin  of  Lake  Erie, 
where  the  Hudson  and  "Erie  railroad  has  its  western 
terminus.  It  comprises  about  220  buildings,  in- 
cluding 2  churches,  several  mills,  with  1 ,200  inhab. 
itants. 

Erie. — A  large  and  flourishing  town,  and  seat  of 
justice  of  Erie  county,  Penn.,  situated  at  (he  head  of 
Presque  Isle  bay,  and  contains  a  population  of  3,412. 
Its  chief  buildings  are,  a  court  house,  jail,  8  churches, 
an  academy,  a  bank,  a  vast  number  of  extensive 
warehouses  for  the  lake  trade,  iron  foundries,  grist 
and  other  mills,  tan  yards,  ^c. 

Conneaut. — A  nrat  little  town  of  Ashtabula  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  situntcd  on  the  Conneaut  river,  near  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Erie.     Population  2,642. 

Cleveland. — A  large  and  important  city  of  Cuyaho. 
ga  county,  Ohio,  beautifully  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga 
river.  It  is  the  emporium  of  an  extensive  trade  by 
the  lake,  and  the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal,  which  latter 
extends  from  Cleveland- to  Portsmouth,  on  the  Ohio 
river.  In  common  with  every  other  part  of  the  state 
of  Ohio,  the  growth  of  Cleveland  is  almost  unproce- 
dented.  A  few  years  since  its  site  presented  not  a 
trace  of  civilization ;  now  it  yields  only  to  Cincinnati 
in  point  of  population,  which  exceeds  G,000  souls. 
The  plan  of  the  town  is  very  regular,  with  wide  and 
well  graded  streets,  Hned  with  fine  building?.  Main 
street,  the  principal  avenue,  is  120  feet  in  breadth. 
The  chief  public  buildings,  some  of  which  front  on  a 
public  square,  consist  of  a  court  houtie  and  the  usual 

10 


K 


«-: 


no 


ROUTE   FROM 


county  offices,  8  handsome  churches,  Q  banking 
houses. 

Sanduahj. — A  town  of  Erie  county,  of  which  it  is 
the  seat  of  justice,  beautifully  situated  on  the  south- 
ern margin  of  Sandusky  bay.  The  buildinys,  which 
arc  coHHtructcd  mostly  of  stotn^,  consist  of  350  dwell- 
ings, 4  elegant  churches,  and  an  academy,  with 
1,500  inhabitants. 

Detroit. — The  capital  of  the  state  of  Michigan, 
and  the  most  extensive  and  important  city  of  the  N. 
W.  region  of  the  United  States.  It  occupies  the  gate 
between  the  upper  and  lower  lakes,  and  commands 
a  vast  and  lucrative  trade  with  the  growing  interior. 
In  additiun  to  about  1, 710  dwelling  houses  there  are, 
the  Capitol  or  legislative  hall,  with  its  offices,  city  hall, 
10  churches,  some  of  which  are  large  and  elegant,  4 
banks,  a  theatre,  a  museum,  a  state  penitentiary, 
mechanics*  hall,  2  asylums  for  orphans,  3  furnaces, 
breweries,  pott«ries,  &,c.  Public  and  private  schools 
of  the  first  order  are  numerous.  Benevolent  aiid 
hterary  institutions  also  abound  bore.  There  are  3 
printing  offices,  from  which  3  daily  and  4  weekly 
newspapers  are  issued.  Detroit  is  one  of  tho  oldest 
towns  in  the  United  States,  having  been  founded  by 
the  French  settlers,  in  17G3.  It  was  incorporated  as 
a  city  in  1815.  The  central  rtiilway,  which  is  de- 
signed to  intersect  the  state  from  east  to  west,  is  fin. 
ished,  and  in  operation  from  Detroit  to  Jackson,  a 
distance  of  80  miles.    This,  with  good  common  roads 


and  the  facihties  of  intercourse 
must  insure  a  full  share  of  tradr 
justly  regarded  as  the  commerci 
section  of  the  country. 


"uided  by  the  lakes, 
1 ->  Detroit,  which  is 
.!  emporium  of  this 


Eoutefrom  Buffalo  to  Erie,  Penn.,  by  stage. 

Hamburg, 14    Westfield, 15  60 

Irving, 16  30    Erie, 30  90 

Fredonia, 15  45 


BUFFALO   TO    FIIIE,    PA.  Ill 

Hamburff. — A  post  ofTico,  with  a  few  dwellings,  in 
Erie  county. 

Irving. — A  mere  hamlrt  of  12  or  15  buildings,  of 
Chautauquc  county,  situated  at  the  outlet  of  Cattarau. 
gua  creek.     It  is  a  port  of  entry. 

Fredonia — A  large  and  flourishing  village  of  Clmu- 
tauque  county,  situated  .3  miles  from  Lake  Erie.  It 
was  incorporated  in  1829,  and  now  contains  1,200 
inhabitants.  Among  tlie  buildings  are,  6  churches, 
an  academy,  4  mills  of  various  sorts,  a  furnace,  and 
a  clothier's  establishment.  Some  of  the  streets  and 
houses  of  the  village  arc  lighted  from  a  natural  gas. 
ometcr,  situated  near  the  bed  of  the  adjoining  stream, 
from  which  issues  immense  quantities  of  carbiiretted 
hydrogen  gas.  Several  similar  inflammable  springs 
have  been  discovered  in  the  neighborhood, 

WestJJeld. — An  incorporated  village  of  Chautauque 
county,  containing  1,100  inhabitants,  3  churches,  an 
academy,  6  mills,  and  several  factories.. 

Erie.f 

From  Buffalo  to  Mayfleld ..i 65  miles. 

"  Ellicottville, 48  " 

"  Genesco, 62  " 

"  Welland  canal,  20  " 

"  Niagara  falls,  by  railway,. 23  '* 

«♦  do     the  Canada  side,.  19  " 

"  Attica,  by  railway, 31  *• 

«•  Batavia, 43  " 

"  Rochester, 73  " 

*«  Pendleton,  by  canal, 24  " 

«•  Lockport,    31  " 

«  Albion 60  " 

"  Brockport 71  ••' 

"  Rochester, 95  " 


( 
*. 


■    M 
« 


trig 


112 


ROUTE   FROM 


II 


NIAGARA  FALLS.t 
Boute  from  Niagara  to  Montreal,  by  steamboat,  ^c. 


Queenston 6 

Niagara  village . .  7     13 

Toronto 30    43 

Port  Hope 66  109 

Coburg 36  145 

Oswego 74  219 

Kingston 58  277 

Elizabethtown....48  325 


Prescot 14  339 

Hamilton    18  357 

Cornwall 28  381 

CoteauduLac....32  417 

Les  Cedres 7  424 

Cascades   7  431 

La  Chine 16  447 

Montreal 8  455 


From  Niagara  to  Lockport,  by  railway, ....24  miles. 


4t 
11 
«t 
*< 
(% 


Rochester,  R.R.  &  canal,88 

BufTalo,  by  railway, 23 

do  stage,  Canada  aide,  .19 

Chippewa, 2 

Fort  Erie, 18 

Welland  canal, 5 

Stoncbridge 17 

Lewistown, 6 


it 
It 
It 
(t 
(t 
<t 
«t 


JRoutefrom  New.  York  to  Boston,  by  steamboat  and 
railroad,  via  Stonington. 


Hell.gate 

Flushing  bay 4 

Throg's  point 3 

New  RochelleL..  8 

Stamford 17 

Stratford  point  ...26 

New  Haven 13 

Faulkner's  islandsl2 


9  Connecticut  river  19  111 

13  River  Thames.. ..14  125 

16     Stonington ....16  141 

24  Kingston,  r.  way  23  164 

41     Providence 24  188 

67     Mansfield  17  205 

80     Boston 24  229 

92 


Hell.gate. — A  narrow,  crooked,  and  difficult  strait 
in  the  East  river,  formed  by  projecting  rocks,  by  which 
the  water  passes  with  such  velocity  as  to  endanger 
vessels  in  navigating  this  modern  Charybdis.  By 
skillfi-!  management,  Hell-gato  is  now  passed  with. 


NEW-YORK   TO   BOSTON. 


113 


out  apprehension,  and  the  terrors  with  which  it  was 
formerly  approached  are  no  longer  felt  by  navigators. 

Flushing  Bay. — An  indentation  of  Long  Island,  at 
the  head  of  which  is  the  pretty  village  of  Flushing 
mentioned  at  page  21. 

Throg^s  Point. — A  projection  of!  West  Chester 
county  into  Long  Island  sound,  on  which  is  situated 
Fort  Schuyler,  a  military  post  recently  erected  by  the 
United  States  government,  for  the  defence  of  the  city 
of  New- York.  Immediately  after  passing  Throg's 
Point,  we  ent^r 

Long  Island  Sound. — An  extensive  arm  of  tho 
Atlantic  ocean,  about  100  miles  in  length  from  W. 
S.  W.  to  E.  N.  E.,  and  of  a  mean  breadth  of  12 
miles.     Its  widest  part  is  off  New-Haven  harbor, 
where  it  is  22  miles  in  width.     The  Sound,  which 
communicates  with  the  adjacent  ocean,  both  at  itg 
eastern  and  western  extremities,  has  Long  Island  on 
the  south,  the  coast  of  Connecticut  on  the  north,  and 
that  of  West  Chester  county  of  New. York,  on  the 
west.     Its  outlines  are  numerously  indented  by  bays 
of  every  form,  and  its  surface  diversified  by  many 
small  islands  which  serve  to  beautify  the  view.    The 
navigation  of  Long  Island  sound  affords  a  most  de- 
lightful  excursion,  as  it  combines  both  river  and  ocean 
scenery  in  the  utmost  perfection,  without  the  dull 
monotony  of  the  latter. 

New  Enchelle  Landing. — The  port  of  New  Ro- 
chelle,  a  village  of  West  Chester  county,  containing 
800  inhabitants, -a  town  hall,  3  churches,  several 
boarding  schools,  button  factory,  and  ink  and  car- 
riage factories ;  many  extensive  hotels  and  boarding 
houses  for  the  accommodation  of  the  citizens  of  New 
York,  many  of  whom  spend  the  summer  months 
here. 

Stamford. — A  beautiful  town  of  Fairfield  county, 
Connecticut,  containing  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

Stratford  Point. — A  noted  landing  place  in  Fair- 
Held  county,  Connecticut.  * 

10» 


ti! 


ii 


■  i^ti 


114 


llOUTE    FROM 


nil 


m 


New. Haven  TIarhor. — A  bay  of  Long  Island  sound, 
at  the  liead  of  which  is  the  beautiful  city  of  New 
Haven. 

Falkner's  Islands. — A  small  cluster  of  islands 
about  5  miles  off' the  coast  of  New-Haven  county. 

Connecticut  River. — This  is  the  principal  river  of 
New  England,  which  has  its  first  fountain  in  Canada, 
and  after  passing  southward  and  dividing  the  states 
of  New-Hampshire  and  Vermont,  and  intersecting 
those  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  enters  Long 
Island  sound  about  30  miles  east  of  New  Haven. 
The  entire  course  of  this  beautiful  stream  is  marked 
by  scenery  of  the  most  romantic  and  alluring  descrip- 
tion. It  is  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  towards 
the  north,  it  assumes  an  almost  Alpine  aspect,  with 
every  characteristic  of  the  most  rugged  and  mountain, 
ous  regions.  In  approaching  its  discharge  into  the 
sound,  it  gradually  declines  and  gently  meanders 
through  the  green  fields  of  Connecticut,  to  its  final 
union  with  its  great  recipient,  Long  Island  sound. 

Eiver  Thames. — A  small  stream  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  having  the  towns  of  New  London  and 
Norwich  on  hs  right  bank ;  the  former  about  4,  and 
the  latter  20  miles  from  its  mouth.  This  river  forms 
a  part  of  a  route  from  New  York  to  Boston,  which 
will  be  noticed  hereafter. 

Stonington. — An  incorporated  village  of  New 
London  county,  Connecticut,  finely  situated  in  the 
S.  E.  extremity  of  the  state,  and  on  the  margin  of  the 
Btrait  between  the  main  land  and  Fisher's  island.  It 
contains  about  1,500  inhabitants,  many  of  whom  ve 
engaged  in  the  whale  and  seal  fisheries.  Stonington 
became  quite  conspicuous  during  the  late  war  with 
Great  Britain.  On  the  10th  of  August,  1814,  it  was 
vigorously  bombarded  by  a  British  fleet,  which,  how. 
ever,  was  soon  obliged  to  withdraw  withe  dccom. 
phshing  its  object. 

Hejre  the  passengers  for  Boston  leave  tht  .earn, 
boat  and  enter  the  tare. 


NEW-YORK    TO    BOSTON. 


115 


Kingston. — A  small  villngc  of  Rhode  island. 

Providence. — A  large  commercial  and  munufactur-. 
ing  city  of  Rhode  Island,  of  which  state  it  is  the  seat 
of  government.  It  is  advantageously  situated  on  both 
sides  of  Providence  river,  a  tributary  of  Narraganset 
bay.  There  are  in  the  city  and  its  dependencies  not 
less  than  4,000  buildings  of  every  sort,  including  some 
elegant  public  and  private  structures.  Among  these 
are  many  handsome  churches,  and  several  edifices 
belonging  to  Brown's  University,  established  in  1770. 
The  arcade,  222  feet  in  length  and  72  in  breadth,  built 
of  stone,  is  a  beautiful  building;  together  with  many 
others  devoted  to  literary,  scientific,  and  commercial 
purposes.  The  manufactures  of  Providence  and  its 
neighborhood,  in  which  nearly  one-fourth  of  the  in- 
habitants arc  engaged,  are  vast  and  various ;  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  cotton  goods  of  every  variety,  iron, 
copper  and  tin  ware,  and  machinery  of  all  kinds, 
jewelry,  &.c.  Besides  the  railroads  to  Boston  and 
Stonington,  respectively.  Providence  enjoys  the  ad- 
vantages of  the  Blackstone  canal,  which  affords  a 
navigable  communication  to  Worcester,  Mass.  By 
the  aid  of  these  valuable  auxiharie?,  combined  with 
excellent  common  roads,  its  domestic  intercourse  with 
the  neighboring  towns  is  largely  promoted.  Provi- 
dence  has  also  an  extensive  and  valuable  foreign 
commerce,  especially  with  India  and  the  islands  of 
Oceana :  t^is,  however,  has  somewhat  diminished  of 
late,  owing  to  the  diversion  of  much  of  its  capital  to 
the  purposes  of  domestic  manufactures. 

Boston  — The  great  metropolis  and  capital  of  tho 
state  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  fifth  city  of  the  United 
States  in  point  of  population  and  extent.  It  is  beau- 
tifully  situated  on  a  peninsula,  which  juts  from  the 
main  land  into  Massachusetts  bay  ;  by  which,  and 
Charles  river  bay  on  the  west,  it  is  nearly  surround, 
ed.  The  former  bay,  which  forms  the  harbor,  is 
studded  in  every  direction  by  several  pretty  islands, 
some  of  which  are  crowned  with  tasty  structures  ana 


i'il 


,f,,i, 


■S'-i 


116 


ROUTE   FROM 


I 


fortifications.  These,  with  the  numerous  bridges  ex- 
tending  from  the  city  to  the  opposite  shores  and  the 
adjacent  villages,  impart  great  beauty  and  interest 
to  the  entire  landscape,  when  viewed  from  any  of  the 
neighboring  eminences. 

The  city  itself  is  somewhat  irregular  in  its  plan, 
and,  with  some  exceptions, is  disfigured  by  narrow  and 
crooked  streets.  Those  of  a  recent  date  are,  how- 
ever, laid  out  on  a  more  commodious  and  liberal  scale, 
and  lined  for  the  most  part  with  elegant  and  substan- 
tial buildings.  Among  these,  the  following  deserve 
notice :  the  Old  State  House,  on  Washington  and 
State  streets ;  State  House,  on  Beacon  street,  in  which 
the  beautiful  statue  of  Washington,  by  Chantry,  is  pla- 
ced, and  from  the  dome  of  which  the  city  and  its  envi- 
rons  may  be  seen  to  great  advantage  ;  Faneuil  Hall, 
in  Dock  square;  Massachusetts  Hospital,  on  the 
banks  of  Charles  river ;  Faneuil  Hall  Market,  and 
Quincy  Hall,  on  Dock  square,  is  an  immense  pile, 
536  feet  in  length ;  Tremont  House,  on  Beacon  and 
Tremont streets,  contains  180 apartments;  New  Court 
House,  in  Court  square,  176  feet  in  length  and  54  in 
width;  Houses  of  Industry,  Correction  and  Refor. 
mation,  in  South  Boston ;  Trinity  Church,  in  Sum- 
ner street ;  St.  PanVs  Church  and  Masonic  Hall,  in 
Tremont  street ;  Washington  Pank  ;  Suffolk  Bank, 
late  United  States  Bank,  in  State  street ;  Park  street 
Church,  &c.;  Boston  Theatre,  now  the  "Odeon," 
on  Franklin  and  Federal  streets,  is  now  employed 
as  a  place  of  worship ;  Tremont  Theatre,  on  Tre. 
niont  street ;  National  Theatre,  corner  of  Travers 
and  Portland  streets. 

Among  the  other  objects  of  interest,  in  or  around 
Boston,  are  the  following  : 

Boston  Common,  a  public  promenade,  consisting 
of  75  acres  of  ground,  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing, 
and  ornamented  with  gravelled  \Yalks,  trees,  &.p. 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery. — A  beautiful  rural 
place  of  sepulture,  is  situated  about  3  miles  west  of 


NEW-YORK   TO   BOSTON. 


117 


the  city.  It  comprises  about  100  acres  of  land,  which 
is  appropriately  arranged  and  adorned  for  the  pur- 
poses to  which  it  is  devoted- 

Bunker  Hill  Monument,  in  Charlestown  ;  where 
are,  also,  the  U.  States  Navy  Yard,  McLean  Asy. 
lum  for  the  insane,  State  Prison,  &c.  In  South 
Boston,  are  Dorchester  Heights,  130  feetfabove  the 
adjacent  bay,  from  which  a  fine  view  of  Boston,  &c. 
is  had. 


Route  from  New-  York  to  Boston,  via  Norwich^  by 

steamboat  and  railway. 

Thames  river,  as  above 125 

New  London, 4  129 

Norwich, 16  145 

Jewett's  City, 9  154 

Canterbury 6  160 

Westfield, T 12  172 

Thompson, 12  184 

Oxford,  10  194 

Worcester, 10  204 

Boston, 44  248 

New  London. — A  city,  and  one  of  the  seats  of  jus- 
tice for  New  London  county,  Conn. .  It  is  situated 
on  the  west  bank  of  Thames  river,  and  contains 
about  4,700  inhabitants,  moist  of  whom  are  engaged 
in  the  fishing  business.  The  city  is  defended  by  two 
fortresses,  one  on-  each  side  of  the  river,  which 
command  the  entrance.  New  London  suffered  se- 
verely during  the  revolutionary  war.  On  the  Gth  of 
September,  1781,  it  was  attacked  by  a  British  force 
of  24  vessels,  under  the  renegade  Arnold,  and,  after 
a  slight  resistance,  succeeded  in  destroying  a  consi- 
derable portion  of  the  city. 

Norwich. — A  beautiful  and  flourishing  city  of  New 
London  county,  situated  at  the  forks  of  Yantic  and 
Shetucket  rivers,  tho  two  principal  branches  of  the 


118 


ROUTE  FROM 


Thames.  Its  chief  buildings  are,  n  court  house, 
a  town  hall,  an  academy.  In  Granville,  a  suburb  of 
Norwich,  are  3  extensive  paper  mills,  besides  10  or 
12  other  factories,  which  produce  cotton  and  woolen 
poods  in  large  quantities,  with  many  other  articles. 
The  falls  of  Shetucket  deserve  attention.  Popula- 
tion  of  Norwich,  according  to  the  census  of  1840,  is 
4,500. 

JeweiVs  City. — An  extensive  manufacturing  vil- 
lage of  New  London  county. 

Canterbury, 

Weatjield,  and 

Thompgon,  are  small  villages  of  Windham  county, 
Conn. 

Oxford. — A  village  of  the  township  of  the  same 
name,  in  Worcester  count}',  Mass. 

Worcester.^ 

Boston.^ 


Route  from  New  York  to  Boston,  via  Bridgeport,  by 
steamboat  and  railroad. 


Bridgeport,  st.  boat,  60 
Newtown,  R.R.  20  80 
New  Milford,  do  16  96 
Kent,  do  12  108 

Cornwall,        do  12  120 


Canaanfalls,  R.R.  6  126 
W.  Stockbr.  do  28  144 
Springfield,  do  62  206 
Worcester,  do  54  260 
Boston,  do  44  304 


Bridgeport. — A  city  of  Fairfield  county.  Conn., 
beautifully  situated  on  a  small  hhy  of  Long  Island 
sound,  having  a  population  of  about  1,700.  Since 
the  completion  of  the  Housatonic  railroad,  which 
commences  here,  the  city  has  assumed  quite  a  busi- 
ness-like appearance,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  and  handsome  towns  of  the  state. 

Newtown. — A  neat  village  of  Fairfield  county. 

New  Milford. — A  handsome  little  village  of  Litch- 
field county,  Conn. 


NEW-YORK  TO    BOSTON. 


119 


Kent. — A  village  of  Litchfield  county,  Conn.,  si. 
tuated  on  the  Housatonic  river. 

Cornwall. — A  village  of  the  same  county,  roman- 
tically  situated  among  the  hills  of  Housatonic.  A 
school  for  the  instruction  of  Indians  was  established 
here  in  1818,  at  which  Obookiah,  a  native  of  Owyhee, 
was  educated  ;  but,  ere  he  could  return  to  his  native 
country,  he  sickened  and  died.  A  neat  monument 
to  his  memory  may  be  seen  in  the  village  church- 
yard. 

Canaan  falls. — A  beautiful  cataract  in  the  Housa- 
tonic river,  occasioned  by  a  ledge  of  limestone  rocks, 
over  which  the  water  is  precipitated,  in  an  unbroken 
fall  of  60  feet. 

West  Stockbridge.i — [Here  the  Housatonic  rail- 
road is  intersected  by  the  Albany  and  West  Stock- 
bridge  railway,  by  which  a  practicable  route  from 
New  York  to  Albany  is  furnished.  The  distance 
from  New  York  to  Bridgeport,  by  steamboat,  is  6t) 
miles,  thence  to  West  Stockbridge  94  miles,  and 
thence  to  Albany  41  miles.  Total  distance  from  N. 
York  to  Albany  195  miles.] 

Spr  in  g field. i 

Worcester.^ 

Boston.\ 


Route  from  New.  York  to  Hartford,  Conn. 

N.  Haven,  as  above,    80     Mcriden,  byR.R.  6    98 
WalHngford,R.R.12    92    Hartford,      do     18  116 

New  Haven. — One  of  the  caintals  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  and  the  most  populous  and  beautiful 
town  of  the  state.  New  Haven  has  long  been  cele- 
brated, not  only  as  the  seat  of  Yale  College,  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  distinguished  schools  of  the  country, 
but  also  for  its  numerous  scientific  and  hterary  in- 
stitutions ;  which,  with  the  uncommon  beauty  of  the 
city  itself,  and  the  general  intelligence  of  the  inhabit- 


IP 


120 


CANADA. 


ants,  render  it  one  of  the  most  attractive  places  in 
New  England.    Population  12,960. 

Wallingford. — A  village  of  New  Haven  county, 
beautifully  situated  on  an  eminence  about  a  mile  east 
from  the  Quinnipiac.  It  consists  of  two  parallel 
streets  extending  along  the  ridge  of  a  hill.  The  main 
street,  on  which  the  most  of  the  buildings  are  erect- 
ed, is  nearly  a  mile  in  length. 

Meriden. — A  manufacturing  town  of  New  Haven 
county.  Here  arc  produced,  in  great  abundance, 
patent  augers  and  auger  bitts,  combs,  tin  and  Britan. 
nia  ware,  iron  castings,  coffee  mills,  clocks,  ironmon- 
gery, block  tin  ware,  skates,  rakes,  &c. 

A  short  distance  from  the  village  is  the  famous 
Cat  Hole,  a  narrow  and  romantic  glen,  through  which 
a  road  has  been  constructed. 

Hartford. — A  city,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Con- 
necticut, situated  on  the  right  or  west  bank  of  Con- 
necticut river.  The  city  plot  is  rather  irregular,  and 
is  intersected  by  Little  river,  over  which  is  a  fine 
bridge.  Another  bridge  across  the  Connecticut  unites 
the  city  with  East  Hartford.  Among  the  most  promi- 
nent objects  in  the  city  are,  the  Amcricfni  Asylum 
for  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb;  Retreat 
for  the  Insane ;  WasMngton  College ;  and  tke  Char- 
ter  Oak,  an  old  tree,  of  immense  propurtioup,  in  the 
hollow  of  which  was  secreted,  and  thus  preserved, 
in  the  year  1687,  the  original  colonial  charter,  which 
had  been  demanded  by  the  Governor  General,  with 
a  view  to  its  abrogation. 


CANADA. 


GENERAL  VIEW. 


A  vast  territory  of  North  America,  belonging  at 
present  to  Great  Britain,  lying  in  a  N.  E.  and  S.  W. 
direction,  principally  along  the  N.  side  of  the  St.  Law- 


CANADA. 


121 


'J 


lin 


rencd,  Und  the  "!>[.  and  E.  sides  of  lakes  Ontario,  Erie, 
Huron,  and  Superior,  between  57°  50'  and  90°  W. 
longitude,  and  42°  and  52'^  N.  latitude.  The  other 
portion  of  Canada,  or  that  on  the  S.  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  is  of  comparatively  limited  dimensions : 
it  stretches  along  the  river  from  near  Montreal  to  Point 
Gasp6^,  at  its  embouchure,  having  on  the  S.  the  terri- 
tory of  the  United  States  and  New  Drunswick.  On 
the  N.  Canada  has  Labrador  and  the  inhospitable 
territories  belonging  to  the  N.  W.  Company,  the  boun- 
dary  in  this  direction  being  the  elevated  grounds,  or 
water  sheds,  separating  the  rivers  which  run  S.  to  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  the  great  lakes  from  those  which 
run  N.  to  Davis'  straits  and  Hudson's  bay.  The 
length  of  Canada,  from  Amhersiburg,  on  Detroit  river, 
the  extreme  S.  W.  limit  of  the  provir;ce,  to  Sablon 
harbor,  on  the  strait  of  Belle  Isle,  its  extreme  N.  E. 
limit,  is  about  1,450  miles,  its  breadth  may  vary  from 
200  to  400  miles.  Its  area  has  been  estimated  at  about 
350,000  square  miles ;  and  its  population  at  present 
probably  exceeds  a  million.  It  is  wholly  within  the 
basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  of  which  it  includes  the 
entire  N.  and  a  small  part  of  the  S.  slope. 

This  great  territory,  which  is  consolidated  under 
6he  administration,  is  divided  into  two  parts  as  for. 
merly,  but  aire  designated  as  "Canada  West"  and 
'*  Canada  East,"  the  former  being  identical  with  Up- 
per, and  the  latter  with  Lower  Cannda.  The  Ottawa 
or  Grand  river,  which  has  its  sources  in  about  48° 
30'  N.  latitude,  and  80°  W.  longitude,  and  flows  in  an 
E.  S.  E.  direction  till  it  unites  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
near  Montreal,  forms  nearly  in  its  whole  extent  tho 
line  of  demarcation  between  the  two  provinces.  Can- 
ada West  is  entirely  an  inland  province ;  but  from 
its  having  the  great  lakes  and  a  part  of  the  St.  Law. 
rence  for  its  boundary,  it  has  a  vast  command  of  in. 
ternal  navigation,  and  a  ready  access  to  the  ocean. 

The  N.  portion  of  Canada  consists  of  a  table-land, 
little  of  which  has  been  hitherto  explored.    In  Can. 

H 


« 


122 


CANADA* 


!!; 


ada  West,  E.  of  Huroi.,  it  has  an  average  elevation 
of  perhaps  from  1,200  to  i,300  feet.  It  is  covered  with 
forests  interspersed  with  ravines,  swamps,  and  tor- 
rents ;  and  abounds  with  lakes  which,  any  where  but 
in  the  neighborhood  of  the  immense  lakes  of  this  con- 
tinent, would  he  deemed  of  considerable  size.  The 
Coast  of  Canada  East,  N.  E.  of  the  Saguenay,  is  less 
lofty  than  S.  W.  of  that  liver;  but  of  a  very  uninvit- 
ing description..  The  intei'or  of  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try  is  described  as  composed  of  rocky  cliffs  and  low 
hills,  scattered  over  barren  plains,  diversified  with 
thick  forests  of  stunted  pines,  and  checkered  with 
small  lakes.  The  greater  part  of  the  immense  dis. 
trict  of  Quebec  presents  a  chaos  of  mountains,  lakes, 
and  torrents,  tenanted  only  by  wild  beasts,  and  a  few 
W'andcring  Itrdians.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Sague- 
nay to  Cape  Tourment,  near  Quebec,  the  shore  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  is  bold  and  desolate ;  but  W.  of  this 
point  a  plain  country  begins  to  extend  inland,  with  a 
variable  breadth  of  from  15  to  40  miles,  rising  into  the 
table-land  behind  itby  successive  terraces.  The  cul- 
tivated country  N.  of  Quebec  does  not  extend  far, 
being  l:°mmed  in  by  hill  ranges.  But  as  these  ranges 
gradually  recede  fr  jm  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the 
country,  at  first  diversified  by  varied  eminences,  sinks 
into  a  level  plain,  the  surface  of  settled  and  culfivated* 
land  increases ;  and  this  is  especially  the  case  as  we 
approach  and  penetrate  Canada  West.  The  penin- 
sula or  great  plain  of  this  province,  between  lakis 
Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  comprising  about  210,000^^ 
square  miles,  consists,  for  the  most  part,  of  alluvial 
soil,  on  a  calcareous  substratum.  It  is  of  varying 
fertility  ;  but,  on  the  whole,  is  believed  to  be  the  best 
grain  country  of  pny  of  the  more  N.  portions  of  the 
American  continent.  A  large  part  of  this  fine  plain 
is  still  covered  with  lofty  forests :  it  has,  however, 
some  prairies,  or  natural  meadows  ;  but  these  are  not 
extensive.  At  some  remote  period  it  had  evidently 
formed  part  of  the  bed  of  a  vast  inland  sea,  of  which 


in 


CANADA. 


123 


the  five  great  lakes  having  been  the  deepest,  are  now 
the  principal  remaining  portions.  N.  of  lake  Ontario, 
two  terraces  inlervent  between  the  plain  on  the  shoro 
of  the  Itike  and  the  table-land  in  the  N.,  decreasing 
somewhat  in  fertility  as  they  increase  in  height,  and 
separated  from  each  other  and  from  tiie  pliin  by  two 
ranges  of  hills  of  moderate  elevation.  The  most  S. 
of  these  two  ranges  unite  near  longitude  80°  with  a 
third,  which  passes  N.  and  S.  from  Natawasanga 
bay,  in  lakts  Huron,  to  the  W.  extremity  of  lake  On. 
tario.  The  combined  range,  after  encircling  the  head 
of  the  latter  lake,  crosses  the  bed  of  the  Niaijara  river, 
forming  the  ledge  over  which  are  the  celebrated  falls, 
and  is  finally  lost  in  the  territory  of  the  U.  States. 

That  part  of  Canada  East,  S  of  the  St.  I  awrence, 
extending  between  longitude  72°  30'  and  74°  30,  and 
entering  into  the  district  of  Montreal,  consists,  for 
the  most  part,  of  an  extended  plain  almost  complete- 
ly flat,  except  that  sG-ne  detached  hills  diversify  the 
snrf^ace,  one  of  which,  that  of  Rouville,  is  1,100  feet 
in  height.  It  is  less  extensive  than  the  plain  on  the 
opposite  shore  of  the  river,  and  contains  no  large 
towns,  but  it  is  in  many  districts  equally  fertile  and 
well  watered,  and  the  cities  are  dependent  on  it  for 
a  large  proportion  of  their  supplies.  To  the  S.  and 
E.  it  ascends  by  degrees  into  the  mountainous  re. 
gions.  The  aspect  of  the  S,  shore  of  the  ajstuary  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  between  longitude  69°  30'  and  72°, 
though  bold  and  hilly,  is  not  mountainous,  us  on  the 
opposite  shore :  and  the  hill  ranges  arc  interspersed 
with  valleys  and  even  plains  of  some  extent,  many 
of  which,  from  the  encouragement  afforded  by  the 
contiguous  markets  of  the  capital,  have  been  brought 
into  very  tolerable  cultivation.  E.  of  Kamouraska, 
the  country  is  diversified  by  more  abrupt  eminences, 
while  population  and  culture  become  more  limited ; 
and  in  the  district  of  Gaspd  the  mountains  rise  into 
two  chains  of  considerable  elevation,  enclosing  be- 
tween them  a  lofty  table-land  or  central  valley.    This 


vii 


■i 


!-/« 


CAITAOA. 


I, 


i; 


^1 


most  southerly  of  these  chains  bounds  on  Its  6.  side 
the  valley  of  the  Ristigouche  and  St.  John  rivjBrs. 

Besides  the  great  lakes  iodonting  the  W.  qutUne  qf 
the  count! y,  Canada  contains,  as  has  been  already 
said,  numerous  minor,  yet  still  considerable,  bodies 
of  water.  In  Canada  Bnst,  the  lakes  and  rivers  have 
been  estimated  lb  cover  3,200  square  miles  of  surface; 
the  principal  of  the  former  hitherto  discovered  are 
lake  St.  John,  with  an  areqi  of  540  square  miles ;  those 
of  Manicouagan,  Piretibbe,  nhd  olhers  N.  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  Mephramagog,  &c.,  S.  of  that  river. 
In  Canada  West,  the  chief  known  are  Nipissing  lake, 
Timiscaming  and  St.  Ann's,  in  the  high  table-land ; 
and  the  Simcoe  lake  in  the  upper  terrace  country  of 
the  Home  district. 

Amongst  the  rivers  falling  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
or  into  the  lakes  which  form  part  of  its  system,  there 
are  some  deserving  of  especial  mention  here  for  their 
utility  as  regards  navigation,  or  their  agency  in  fertil- 
izing the  soil.  In  the  peninsula  of  Canada  West, 
the  Thames  originates  in  the  district  of  London,  by 
the  union  of  several  streams,  near  latitude  43°  and 
lonifitude  81  \  and  after  a  course  of  about  150  miles 
chiefly  S.  W.  falls  into  lake  St.  Glair,  situated  between 
those  of  Huron  and  Erie.  The  Thames  is  navigable 
for  largo  vessels  to  Chatham,  15  miles  up,  and  for 
boats  nearly  to  its  source.  It  intersects  and  waters  a 
fine  and  fertile  country.  Besides  Chatham^,  stnall 
towns,  with  the  pompous  names  of  London  and  Ox- 
ford, are  situated  upon  its  banks.  Next  in  magni- 
tude  to  the  Thames  is  the  Ouse.  This  river  rises  in 
the  Home  district,  about  latitude  44°,  longitude  80° 
10',  runs  generally  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  lake  Erie  near 
its  N.  E.  extremity.  Parallel  to  this  river  for  about 
50  miles,  runs  the  Welland  or  Chippewa  river,  which 
in  one  part  of  its  conrse  forms  a  portion  of  the  canal 
between  the  Ouse  and  lake  Ontario,  by  means  of 
which  the  falls  of  Niagara  are  avoided.  The  Trent, 
in  the  district  of  Newcastle,  connects  the  small  lakes 


CANADA. 


125 


ide 


fialsam,  Sfurgeon,  and  sf  verul  others  in  the  upper 
terrace  country,  wiili  the  Rice  Inke,  and,  after  a  tor- 
tuous course,  discharges  itself  nUo  the  bay  of  QiiinK;, 
in  lake  Ontario.  It  is  said  to  bo  luivijiahle  for  boats 
In  the  whole  of  its  course.  'I'lie  lake  Bulsanj  is  sep- 
arated by  only  a  short  portage  from  that  of  Sinicoe, 
\vhich  discharges  its  waters  into  GIouctsttT  bay  (Hu- 
ron lake)  by  the  Severn  river.  A  short  and  valuable 
line  of  direct  water  communication  between  the  lakes 
Huron  and  Ontario  is  apparently  impeded  only  by 
the  intervention  of  this  short  portage,  and  by  the  ra. 
pids  of  the  Severn,  which  river  is,  however,  no  more 
than  20  miles  in  length.  If  we  except  the  St.  John, 
the  Ristigouche,  which  bounds  the  district  of  Gaspo 
S.,  and  falls  into  Chalour  bay,  is  the  only  river  of  any 
importance  in  Canada  not  belonging  to  the  St.  Lawr 
fence  basin. 

Climate. — The  climate  of  Canada  is  subject  to 
great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  ;  the  thermometer 
^ranging  between  102°  above,  and  3G^  below,  the  zero 
ofFahr.  In  such  an  extensive  region  there  is,  of 
pourse,  some  difTercnce  in  this  respect ;  as  we  ascend 
the  St.  Lawrence,  not  only  a  more  S.  parallel  is 
reached,  but  the  country  is  less  wild  and  exposed 
fi^^n  that  near  its  entrance;  so  that  whilst  Quebec 
Jias  been  said  to  have  the  summer  of  Paris  and  the 
winter  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  great  plain  of  lake  Erie 
has  the  climate  of  Philadelphia.  Still  the  Canadian 
climate,  as  a  whole,  must  be  considered  very  severe  : 
all  the  streams  are  locked  up  by  ice,  and  the  ground 
is  covered  every  where,  to  an  average  depth  of  5  orG 
feet,  by  snow,  for  4  or  5  months  of  every  year.  Frosts 
usually  commence  in  October,  whilst  the  weather,  by 
day,  is  still  mild  and  serene.  But  with  November 
begins  a  succession  of  snow-storms  and  tempests, 
from  the  N.  and  E.,  accompanied  by  a  great-increase 
of  cold;  and  this  sort  of  weather  usually  continues 
to  the  2d  or  3d  week  of  December,  when  the  atmos. 
phcre  again  becomes  serene,  but  the  cold  still  more 


..  I 


I2t) 


CANADA. 


intense,  bo  that  the  rivers  become  suddenly  frozen 
over.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  April,  or,  in  late 
seasons,  the  beginning  of  May,  the  ice  begins  to  break 
up  (often  with  loud  reports  like  the  discharge  of  can- 
non ;)  a  sudden  increase  of  temperature  stimulates 
vegetation,  and  makes  its  growth  almost  perceptible 
to  the  eye  ;  so  that  spring  and  summer  can  scarcely 
be  recognised  as  distinct  seasons.  May  and  June 
are  occasionally  wet,  to  the  hinderance  of  the  farmer, 
whose  seed-time  this  is.  (to  be  followed  by  harvest 
towards  the  end  of  August ;)  but  usually,  the  sumr 
mers  are  very  fine.  Thunder-storms  are  often  of 
great  violence,  and  the  aurora  boreaiis  is  frequent  and 
vivid :  of  the  prevailing  winds,  those  from  the  S.  W. 
are  usually  accompanied  by  clear  and  serene  wea> 
ther ;  those  from  the  N.  E.  by  continued  rain  in  sum- 
mer, and  snow  in  winter ;  whilst  a  N.  W.  breeze  is 
usually  dry,  with  severe  cold.  Fogs  (except  in  the 
district  of  Gasp6)are  of  unusual  occurrence.  It  seems 
to  be  the  general  opinion  of  the  inhabitants,  that  the 
winters  are  gradually  becoming  less  severe  :  and  this 
may  be  attributable  to  the  clearance  of  the  forests  and 
the  increased  extent  of  cultivated  surface ;  for.  whilst 
the  state  of  climate  (especially  of  humidity)  influences 
vegetation,  that,  in  turn,  reacts  on  climate.  Hum- 
boldt's  reasoning  and  tables  {Blemoires  d*Arceuil, 
tom.  iii.)  may  be  satisfactorily  referred  to  for  the  con- 
ditions that  have  the  greatest  and  most  permanent 
influence  on  the  Canadian  climate. 

The  length  and  severity  of  the  Canadian  winter  is 
a  heavy  drawback  on  the  country,  and  lays  the  far- 
mer under  serious  difficulty  and  privations  not  ex- 
perienced in  countries  where  the  climate  is  milder, 
as  in  the  contiguoup  territories  of  Indiana  and  Illinois. 
For  five  or  six  montiis  almost  all  agricultural  opera- 
tions  are  suspended,  so  that  time  is  not  left  in  the 
rest  of  the  year  for  the  proper  preparation  of  the  ground 
for  the  crops  and  other  necessary  labors.  It  is  clear 
toO|  that  horses,  cattle,  and  other  farm  stock,  must 


CARADA. 


127 


require  a  proportionally  large  supply  of  fodder  for 
their  keep.  In  these  respects,  however,  there  is  a 
material  difference  between  the  two  provinces.  In 
Canada  West  the  severity  and  the  length  of  the  win- 
ter are  considerably  diminished.  The  soil  too  is  gen. 
eraliy  better;  and  the  quality  of  the  wheat  improves 
as  we  draw  nearer  to  the  S.  limit  of  the  province. 

Most  of  the  causes  that  contribute  to  make  the  cli. 
mate  of  the  northern  part  of  America  more  severe, 
and  subject  to  greater  extremes  than  that  of  Europe, 
in  the  same  parallel,  bear  with  especial  force  on  the 
Canadian  regions.  The  greater  portion  of  these  pro- 
vinces is  covered  by  extensive  forests ;  the  trees  com- 
posing which  (especially  in  the  more  northern  and 
eastern  parts)  do  not,  generally  speaking,  attain 
the  same  lofty  size  as  those  of  the  United  States,  nor 
flourish  with  the  same  exuberant  vitality :  the  pine 
family,  and  various  species  of  evergreens,  are  the 
most  numerous  and  predominant.  Amongst  various 
other  kinds  of  trees,  are,  the  silver  and  American  firs, 
Weymouth  and  Canadian  pines,  white  cedar  (7%?/,ya 
occidentalism)  maple,  birch,  American  ash,  basis  wood, 
hickory,  two  or  three  species  of  wild  cherry,  and  nu- 
merous  species  of  oak.  Like  the  rest  of  the  Ahneri- 
can  continent,  most  of  the  plants  and  animals  differ 
specifically  from  those  of  the  Old  World.  Many  of 
the  smaller  kinds  of  annual  and  perennial  plants  are 
common  to  Canada  and  regions  lying  much  further 
to  the  S.,  which  may  be  accoi#ited  for  by  the  high 
summer  temperature,  whilst  the  deep  winter  snows 
effectually  protect  their  roots  through  the  severest  sea- 
sons ;  but  the  trees  and  larger  shrubs,  which  find  no 
such  shelter,  belong  for  the  most  part  to  more  north- 
ern and  arcdc  regions.  Of  the  smaller  plants,  the 
Zizania  aquatica  may  be  noticed  as  peculiar  to  Can- 
ada, and  abounding  in  most  of  the  swamps  (a  grass 
not  unhke  rice,  and  affording  food  to  birds,  and  oo- 
casionally  to  the  Indian  tribes,)  and  the  ginseng,  and 
Ganadiaa  liljx,  commoa  to  this  country  and  Kamt. 


.ri 


1-28 


CANADA. 


chatska.  From  the  s&p  of  the  maple  (acer  saccharu 
num,)  as  it  rises  in  the  earher  part  of  spring,  sugar 
is  made  in  considerable  quantities;  in  collecting 
which,  from  trees  scattered  over  thousands  of  acres, 
whilst  the  snow  still  covers  the  ground,  much  hard- 
ship is  frequently  endured  :  these  districts  are  called 
sugaries,  and  a  valuable  description  of  property.  The 
mode  of  procuring  it  is  by  inserting  a  small  cane  shoot 
through  an  incision  made  in  the  bark,  the  sap  being 
received  in  a  wooden  trough  placed  under  it ;  it  is  after, 
wards  boiled,  and  left  to  cool  into  a  hard  solid  mas,  of  a 
dark  brown  color,  which  is  moulded  by  the  form  of  the 
jars  which  contain  it;  the  value  of  the  article  is  about 
half  of  that  produced  from  the  sugar-cane.  Most  of 
the  oak  growing  in  the  woods  is  unfit  for  ship.build. 
ing,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  timber  used  for  that 
purpose  is  imported  from  New  England.  The  spe> 
cies  called  the  live  oak,  which  grows  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  colony,  is,  however,  said  to  be  well  adapt- 
ed fot  ship  timber ;  the  various  kinds  of  wood  avail- 
,able  for  no  other  purpose,  serve  to  supply  the  pot  and 
pearUash  manufactories.  Amongst  the  wild  animals 
ranging  through  these  unreclaimed  regions,  are  the 
American  elk,  fallow  deer,  bear,  wolf,  fox,  wild  catj 
racoon,  martin,  otter,  and  various  species  of  Viverrce 
and  Mustelfs;  the  beaver,  hare,  grey  and  red  squir- 
rel ;  and  in  the  more  southern  parts,  the  buffalo  and 
roebuck :  the  bears  usually  hibernate,  if  the  season 
has  enabled  them  toigec  sufficiently  fat  for  the  pur^ 
pose ;  if  not,  they  migrate  to  a  more  southerly  climate. 
Amongst  the  birds,  may  be  noticed  the  wild  pigeon, 
quail,  partridge,  and  different  kinds  of  grouse  ;  of  the 
water  birds,  the  species  are  very  numerous,  as  might 
be  inferred  from  the  general  character  of  the  region, 
where,  in  the  basm  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  nu- 
merous  lakes  occupying  the  elevated  table-landa 
around  it,  half  the  fresh  water  on  the  surface  of  the 
globe  is  collected  ;  a  humming  bird  (the  smallest  of 
its  genus)  is  also  indigenous,  and  may  be  seen  in  the 


GAlfADA. 


109 


Qnebec  gardens,  flitting  round  the  flowers.  Amongst 
l^e  reptiles,  the  rattlesnake  is  occasionally  met  with. 
Fish,  in  great  variety  and  abundance,  are  found  in  the 
lakes  and  rivers ;  in  which  respect  few  streams  can 
rival  the  St.  Lawrence ;  the  stdrgeon  is  common,  and 
the  salmon  and  herring  fisheries*  are  considerable; 
seals  are  also  met  with  occasionally,  in  large  shoals, 
in  the  lower  parts  of  the  river.  Forests  can  only  ex- 
ist  where  the  prevailing  winds  bring  with  them  suf. 
£cient  moisture,  but  they  may  usually  be  taken  as  a 
measure  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  no  less  than  of  the 
humidity  of  the  climate:  in  this  respect,  therefore, 
taken  generally,  Canada  must  be  considered  a  fertile 
region ;  the  v'r''t'?rn  province  much  more  so  than  the 
eastern  one.  T  uto,  hemp,  flax,  and  the  different 
kinds  of  grain  fa  '  pulse,  are  successfully  cultivated; 
as  are  all  the  ccn:  i  mer  fruits  and  vegetables  of  Eng- 
land :  melons  of  different  species  abound,  and  are 
probably  indigenous  ;  as  are  also  the  strawberry  and 
raspberry :  these  last  flourish  luxuriantly  in  the  woods; 
and  on  the  plains  behind  Quebec  are  gathered  in  great 
quantities,  and  taken  to  that  market.  Pears  and  ap. 
pies  succeed  well,  both  there  and  at  Montreal ;  and 
on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  the  grape,  peach,  and 
nectarine,  as  well  as  all  the  hardier  kinds  of  fruit,  ar- 
rive at  the  greatest  perfection. 

Canada  does  not  appear  to  be  rich  in  minerals,  but 
iron  abounds  in  some  districts ;  veins  of  silver-lead 
have  been  met  with  in  St.  Paul's  Bay  (.50  miles  be- 
low Quebec,)  and  coals,  salt,  and  sulphur,  are  also 
known  to  exist  in  the  colony.  No  volcanos  have 
been  discovered,  but  authentic  accounts  are  preserved 
of  several  violent  earthquakes  :  amongst  others,  one 
in  1663,  when  tremendous  convulsions,  lasting  for 
six  months,  extending  from  Quebec  to  Tadeausac 
(130  miles  below  it,)  which  broke  up  the  ice  of  the 
rivers,  and  caused  many  great  land-slips  and  disloca. 
tions ;  in  1791,  earthquakes  were  also  frequent  and 
violent,  in  the  same  region ;  and  the  shores,  both  of 


i 


130 


CANADA. 


the  gulf  and  river  St.  Lawrence  present  many  proofs 
of  former  convulsions  in  the  horizontal  banks  of  re- 
cent shingle  and  shells,  and  in  elevated  lime.stone 
strata,  with  wave-scooped  marks,  and  lithodomous 
perforations,  that  occur  on  various  parts  of  the  shores. 
People. — The  majority  of  the  population  in  East 
Canada  are  of  French  origin,  and  are  for  the  most 
part  descendants  of  settlers  from  Normandy,  estiib- 
lished  in  the  colony  previously  to  1759.  Their  num. 
ber  at  that  period  was  about  70,000,  and  in  1831  they 
had  increased  (according  to  the  cen^^us)  to  upwards 
of  400,000  ;  the  most  rapid  augmentation  probably  of 
any  on  record  from  births  alone.  Neither  the  con- 
quest, nor  the  long  period  which  has  since  elapsed, 
has  wrought  any  great  change  in  their  character  and 
habits;  nor  has  their  increasing  numbers  induced 
them  to  make  any  considerable  encroachments  on 
the  wilderness  around:  on  the  contrary,  they  have 
continued  within  their  original  limits,  subdividing  the 
land  more  and  jnore.  and  submitting  to  a  constantly 
decreasing  ratio  of  comfort.  They  are  frugal,  honest, 
industrious,  and  hospitable,  but  cling  with  unreason- 
ing tenacity  to  their  ancient  prejudices  and  customs  ; 
by  temperament,  cheerful,  social,  engaging,  and  (from 
the  highest  to  the  lowest)  distinguished  for  courtesy 
and  real  politene'^s,  they  retain  all  the  essential  char- 
acteristics of  the  French  provinces  under  the  ancient 
regime,  and  present  the  spectacle  of  an  old,  uneducat- 
ed, stationary  society,  in  a  new  and  progressive  world. 
A  few  seignorial  families  possess  large,  but  not  very 
valuable  properties :  the  clasj  wholly  dependent  on 
wages  is  a  very  small  one  ;  and  the  great  majority 
consists  of  a  hnrd-working  yeomanry  (usually  called 
hahitffns,)  amongst  whom  there  is  almost  a  liniversal 
equality  of  condition  and  property.  From  the  public 
colleges  and  seminaries  established  in  the  cities  and 
other  central  points  by  the  early  possessors  of  thp 
country,  chiefly  by  the  Jesuits  (where  the  education 
fpa^tahlea  that  of  our  public  grammar-schools,  and  ip 


CANADA. 


131 


entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  Catholic  clergy,)  between 
900  and  300  annually  finish  their  education,  and 
are  dispersed  through  the  community :  nearly  the 
whole  of  these  are  of  the  class  of  hubitans,  and  re- 
turn to  reside  amongst  them,  mostly  as  notaries  or  sur- 
geons ;  and  thus,  living  on  terms  of  complete  social 
equality,  though  with  greatly  superior  knowledge,  in 
Communities  which  possess  nothing  in  the  shape  of 
municipal  institutions,  they  possess  almost  despotic 
influence  over  popular  opinion  and  conduct  in  all  pub. 
lie  matters.  The  habitans  under  the  old  feudal  te. 
nures  have  cleared  two  or  three  belts  of  land  along 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  cultivate  them  on  the  worst 
system  of  small  farming;  their  farms  and  residences 
being  all  so  connected,  that  the  country  of  the  seign- 
ories  appears  like  a  continuous. village.  They  spin 
and  weave  their  own  wool  and  flax,  and  make  their 
own  soap,  candles,  and  sugar.  What  energy  and 
enterprise  there  exists  in  the  community  (beyond  the 
portion  required  by  this  sort  of  routine)  is  exerted  in 
the  fur  trade  and  in  hunting. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  portion  of  the  population  of 
Canada  East  consists  almost  wholly  of  persons  who 
have  emigrated  from  the  United  Kingdom,  or  the  de-* 
scendanfs  of  such,  subsequent  to  1759.  At  considef- 
flble  addition  was  made  to  their  numbers  by  U.  S.  loy. 
alists  in  1787 ;  at  a  subsequent  period  many  familiesf 
fronri  Vermont  have  settled  in  the  townships  adjoin, 
ing  that  state,  and  since  the  formation  of  the  Ameri. 
can  Land  Company  many  have  emigrated  through 
their  exertions.  A  majority  of  the  laboring  class  in 
this  portion  of  the  population  are  Irish  Catholics  ;  the 
rest  are  English  or  Scotch  Protestants  :  besides  this, 
they  possess  the  best  cultivated  farms  in  the  province, 
and  are  owners* of  fully  half  the  more  valuable  seign. 
ories.  Th  .•,  inhabitants  of  the  W.  province  consist 
principally  of  the  descendanis  of  U.  S.  loyalists,  pre- 
viously to  1787,  and  of  subsequent  settlers,  or  theif 
descendants,  from  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  states: 


13Q 


CANADA. 


an  expensive  emigration  from  the  former,  subsequent 
to  1828,  nearly  doubled  the  previous  population  of  the 
province.  Of  the  emigrants  from  the  United  Kuig. 
dom,  many  were  half-pay  army  or  navy  officers,  and 
of  the  working  classes  a  considerable  proportion  were 
Irish.  The  Catholic  population  of  the  western  pro- 
vince is  estimated  at  one  fifth  part  of  the  whole  :  in 
the  back  part  of  the  Niagara  district  some  Dutch  set. 
tiers  are  established ;  and  a  few  French  families  along 
the  Detroit.  The  population  at  present  is  estimated 
at  500,000,  Scattered  along  an  extensive  frontier,  with 
very  imperfect  means  of  inter-communication ;  the 
more  thickly  settled  districts  being,  of  course,  in  the 
occupation  of  the  older  section  of  residents,  who  are 
for  the  most  part  owners  also  of  the  wild  lands  in 
those  districts.  The  number  of  emigrants  from  the 
United  Kingdom,  which  landed  at  the  port  of  Quebec 
in  the  nine  years  ending  1838,  amounted  to  263,089; 
of  these,  165,000  proceeded  to  the  western  province; 
but  of  the  whole  number,  from  50  to  60  per  cent.,  re- 
emigrated,  after  a  short  residence,  to  the  U.  States*. 
The  greatest  number  which  emigrated  in  any  one 
year  was  in  1332,  when  51,746  arrived  at  Quebec; 
the  smallest  number  was  in  1838,  when  4,992  only 
reached  tl\jit  port.  Within  the  period  spoken  of  there 
were  also  50,000  estimated  to  have  reached  the  pro- 
vinces by  way  of  New  York  and  the  Erie  canal;  a 
like  proportion  of  whom  also  re-emigrated.  • 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi offers  incomparably  greater  advantages  to  in- 
dustrious  immigrants,  whether  with  or  without  capital, 
than  can  be  enjoyed  in  any  part  of  Canada.  It  has 
a  better  climate,  a  better  and  cheaper  soil,  and  is  free 
from  the  greater  number  of  those  social  greivancea 
that  disturb  and  embitter  society  in  .Canada.  The 
wonder,  in  fact,  is,  not  that  so  many  of  the  emigrants 
to  Canada  have  left  it  for  the  United  States,  but  that 
any  considerable  portion  of  them  should  have  remain, 
cd  behind. 


CANADA. 


133 


The  native  Indian  tribes  still  occupy  portions  of 
this  colony  on  lakes  Superior  and  Huron,  and  along 
the  whole  extent  towards  the  north  bo  daries ;  but 
their  numbers  are  rapidly  din.'"*"  hih^.  id  they  are 
fast  degenerating  from  their  oiif,..ial  sp  and  char- 
acter,  so  that  the  utter  extinction  of  the  race  seems 
inevitable,  as  civilization  advances  on  the  wilderness, 
to  which,  only,  they  appear  to  be  adapted.  Various 
attempts  have  been  made,  from  1776,  downward,  to 
settle  and  instruct  them  in  agriculture  and  the  arts, 
but  with  very  little  success.  There  are  five  of  these 
settlements  in  the  eastern  province  ;  the  number  of  In- 
dians  at  which  is  estimated  at  3,437,  the  most  numer- 
ous being  the  Iroquois  and  Algonquins.  Those  of  the 
Six  Nations  (who  were  the  firm  allies  of  the  British 
in  the  first  American  war)  are  estimated  at  2,149; 
the  Mohawks  of  the  Bay  of  Quintd  337 ;  the  other 
tribes  at  G,428 ;  they  occupy  tracts  along  the  rivers 
St.  Clair,  Aux  Sables,  Detroit,  Thames,  Ousc,  and 
Credit ;  lakes  Simcoe,  Rice,  Mud,  and  Balsam,  and 
Point  Peter;  the  great  Manitouwunning  (containing 
about  1,000,000  acres)  is  also  appropriated  to  In- 
dians who  choose  to  setde.  The  lands  are  held  un- 
der the  crown  in  joint  tenancy  to  them  and  their 
posterity,  and  are  not  allowed  to  be  leased  or  sold 
without  its  consent.  Besides  the  above,  there  are 
other  tribes  round  the  shores  of  lake  Michigan,  and 
the  south  side  of  lake  Superior  (about  2,000  in  all,) 
who  consider  themselves'  as  owing  allegiance  to  the 
British  crown,  and  attend  to  receive  presents  an- 
nually :  there  arc  also  many. tribes  on  the  north  sides 
of  lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  who  consider  that  vast 
tract  their  own,  and  occujiy  it  as  hunting-grounds. 
Large  sums  have  been  expended  by  religious  societies 
in  futile  efforts  to  improve  them  ;  and  the  Indian  de- 
partment of  government  has  occasionally  cost  150,000Z 
in  a  single  year  :  the  object  of  the  last,  however,  has 
rather  been  to  make  the  services  of  the  Indians  avail- 
ablo  in  war,  than  with  a  view  to  their  permanent  im- 

J2 


I 


134 


CANADA. 


R 


ivers, 
Gaspe 
statute 


provement ;  tho  Hudson's  Bay  and  Canada  compa. 
nies  have,  also,  not  scrupled  to  employ  them  in  the 
same  way ;  and  it  is  stated,  that  without  a  change  of 
system  in  both  respects  the  iutc  of  tiie  Indians  is 
sealed.  But  the  truth  is,  that,  however  it  may  be 
changed,  their  fate  is  sealed. 

Distribution  and  Tenure  of  Lands  in  the  Eastern 
Province,  Governrnent,  tj-c. — About  l-38th  part  of 
the  area  of  the  province  is  estimated  to  be  under  some 
sort  of  cultivation.  The  extent  of  land  surveyed  in 
each  district,  down  to  10th  July,  1838,  was — in  tho 
Montreal  district,  2,28G,750  acres;  Three 
2,098,908  do.;  Quebec,  1,383,6G6  do.; 
400,639  do.;  making  a  total  of  6,169,9G3 
acres.  This  is  divided  in  townships  averaging  about 
70,000  square  acres,  and  is  exclp«ive  of  an  allowance 
of  5  per  cent,  for  highways,  ar  jf  a  block  of  land, 
set  offfor  the  British  American  l.  id  Company,  in  the 
county  Sherbrook,  district  of  Tiirce  Rivera,  contain, 
ing  585,089  acres.  The  land  comprised  in  the  scign- 
orial  districts  amounts  to  about  8,300,000  acres;  of 
this  last,  the  whole  has  been  granted  by  the  crown, 
subject  to  an  obligation  to  concede  to  actual  settlers, 
and  4,300,000  acres  have  been  thus  conceded.  Of 
the  township  land  3,500,000  acres  have  been  disposed 
o(  "for  other  than  public  purposes."  Tho  grants 
made  by  the  French  government  previously  to  tho 
conquest,  were  on  one  uniform  system.  Seignories  (or 
manors  containing  from  9  to  36  square  leagues)  were 
created  in  favor  of  certain  leading  individuals,  who 
were  bound  to  grant  or  ^^  concede"  a  specified  portion 
to  any  applicant ;  the  profit,  to  the  seignor,  being  de- 
rived from  payment  of  a  small  rent,  from  services 
which  the  censitaire  (or  tenant)  was  bound  to  per. 
form;  from  l-12th  of  the  corn  ground  (by  compul- 
sion) at  the  seignorial  mill ;  and  from  a  fine  on  tho 
transference  of  the  property  (other  than  by  inherit- 
ance.) 


CANADA. 


m 


Pince  the  province  came  under  the  British  govern, 
ment,  the  plans  tinder  which  land  has  been  granted 
and  sold,  havn  didercd  very  widely  at  difTcrent  pc- 
riods;  but  have  very  rnrely,  indeed,  been  established 
on  sound  principles.  The  township  lands  have  been 
granted  in  many  modes,  ditlerinij  boih  in  their  char- 
acter and  oI)jt'Ct :  at  first,  ilioy  wcro  f^ranted  to  settlers 
in  free  and  common  f-nccagp,  with  a  reservation  to 
resume  all,  or  any  part,  if  required  for  military  pur- 
poses, but  subject  to  no  other  conditions  :  the  quantity 
so  granted  to  each  individual,  being  limited  to  100 
acres  for  himself,  and  50  acres  additional  for  each 
member  of  his  family  ;  the  governor  having  authority 
to  increase  this  amount,  by  1,000  acres.  These 
favorable  terms  were  mennt  to  attract  settlers  from 
the  colonies,  which  now  form  the  United  States.  In 
1775  this  arrangement  was  superseded,  and  the 
Quebec  Act  of  tli*^  preceding  year  having  restored  the 
French  code  and  language,  corresponding  instructions 
were  given,  that  future  grants  should  again  be  made 
'n  fief  and  seijinory,  and  three  seienorics  were  thus 
created.  In  1791  thercfiulationsof  1763  were  revived, 
though  with  certain  conditions  annexed  to  them, 
which  in  practice  were  avoided  ;  nnd  this  mode  con- 
tinued till  183G;  but  the  constitutional  act  of  1791 
also  enacted  that  a  reserve  for  the  supjiort  of  the  Pro- 
testant clergy  should  be  made,  in  respect  of  every 
grant,  equal  in  value,  as  near  as  could  be  estimated, 
to  1.7th  part  of  the  land  granted.  The  crown  reserves 
to  a  like  extent,  originated  in  the  view  of  supplying, 
first  by  sales  and  ultimately  by  rents,  an  independent 
source  of  revenue,  and  obviating  the  necessity  of 
taxes,  and  consequently  of  such  disputes  as  had  led 
to  the  Independence  of  the  United  States.  These 
reserves,  however,  have  proved  most  serious  obstacles 
to  the  welfare  of  the  colony,  which  the  mis-construc- 
tion or  violation  of  the  act  has  aggravated,  by  increas- 
ing their  extent  beyond  what  appears  to  have  been 
contemplated.   From  180G,  downward,  no  new  town- 


(i 


iir' 


ti' 


136 


CANADA. 


ships  were  granted  ;  and  the  grants,  on  to  1814,  were 
in  lots  of  300  acres,  to  actual  settlers,  and  few  in 
number.  From  the  last  date,  grants  were  made  on 
*' location  tickets,"  requiring  the  erection  of  a  house, 
and  the  clearing  and  cuitivatini?  4  acres,  before  the 
title  was  perfected.  In  182G  the  new  mode  of  selling 
land  by  auction,  at  a  minimum  upset  price,  waa 
adopted,  the  purchase  money  being  payable  by  four 
annual  instalments,  without  interest.  In  1831,  the 
purchase-money  was  to  be  repaid  by  half-yearly  in- 
stalments; and  in  1837,  the  purchase-money  was 
made  payable  i.t  the  time  of  sale  :  but  in  practice  this 
has  not  been  effected.  Besides  the  grants  made  under 
these  different  regulations,  other  exceptional  ones 
have  been  made — mostly  in  reward  of  public  services; 
such  as  those  to  the  militia  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  of  that  of  1812 — many  valid  claims  in  these  re- 
spects still  remaining  to  be  settled :  there  has  also 
been  an  exceptional  sale  of  nearly  800,000  acres  to 
the  British  North  American  Land  Company.  The 
crown  reserves  must  be  considered  as  virtually  aban- 
doned wbon  the  auction  sales  were  introduced ;  and 
an  act  of  the  imperial  legislature  has  ciuthorized  the 
sale  of  l-4th  part  of  the  clergy  reserves,  at  a  rate  not 
exceeding  100,000  acres  annually.  In  these  various 
ways,  about  3,500,000  acres  have  been  disposed  of. 
The  amount  received  on  the  sales  of  crown  land  in 
the  lower  province,  from  1828  to  1837  inclusive,  was 
jC33,8.'>3  ;  on  clergy  reservers,  jC50.425  ;  timber  du- 
ties, f  58,085.  In  the  upper  province  for  the  same 
period,  crown  lands,  jC33,853;  clergy  reserves, 
jE114,618;  timber  duties,  je58,085.  The  timber  is 
chiefly  red  and  white  pine  and  oak. 

Each  district  has  its  own  judges,  whose  jurisdiction 
(except  Gaspe)  is  independent  of  the  others,  and  only 
subject  to  the  court  of  appeal.  A  sheriff  is  also  ap- 
pointed for  each  district,  and  grand  voyer,  or  general 
inspector  of  the  roads.  These  appear  to  be  the  only 
characteristics ;  but  as  respects  judicial  affairs,  Gaap6 


CANADA. 


137 


is  dependent  on  Quebec  ;  and  the  ronds  of  St  Francis 
are  surveyed  by  the  grand  voyers  of  Montreal  and 
Three  Rivera.  Tho  aubdivisioiis  of  tliesc  districts 
are  counties,  t(jwi;ships,  parislits,  and  extra-parochial 
places;  that  of  Montreal  has  19,  Quebec  13,  Three 
Rivera  5,  St.  Francis  3,  mid  Gaspu  2  counties,  re- 
spectively. Tlie  parishes  and  townships  are  merely 
divisions  for  such  local  purposes  as  (he  repairs  of 
roads,  inspection  offences,  \vatcr.cour.«es,  &.c  ;  each 
is  subdivided  into  sections  (not  exceeding  ten  ;)  the 
parishes  vary  much  in  extent,  and  those  which  are 
Catholic,  also  serve  for  limits,  in  tho  ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction  of  that  church  :  the  townships  usually  en- 
close a  square  of  10  miles.  There  are  in  all  175 
seignories,  33  fiefs,  and  IGO  townships.  The  cities 
of  Quebec  and  Montreal  wore  incorporated  under 
temporary  acts,  which  have  been  allowed  to  e.snire 
without  renewal :  these  were  the  only  nmnicipal  cor- 
porations in  the  province.  In  the  Catholic  parishes, 
churchwardens  are  appointed,  and  in  some  localities, 
"a  council  of  notables,"  to  mannge  the  secular  all'airs 
of  the  church,  and  what  are  called  the  funds  of  "  the 
fabrique,"  under  old  French  ordinances,  so  doubtful 
and  contradictory,  as  to  cause  frequent  litigation. 
The  income  of  their  clergy  is  derived  from  the  26th 
bushel  of  all  grain  grown  by  the  parishioners ;  this, 
however,  is  contingent  on  the  proprietor  being  a  Ca- 
tholic. When  an  estate  passes  into  Protestant  hands, 
this  right  is  lost ;  and  hence  the  natural  aversion  of 
the  priests  to  any  Protestant  settlements  being  made 
within  their  seignories ;  nor  is  there  any  provision 
for  the  Catholic  clergy,  in  the  event  of  any  part  of  the 
French  population  settling  beyond  the  seignories, 
which,  no  doubt,  has  had  some  effijct  in  confining  it 
within  their  limits.  There  are  44  clergymen,  and 
53  churchs  and  chapels,  finished  and  in  progress. 
There  is  also  a  Catholic  bishop  of  Quebec,  paid  by 
the  government  out  of  certain  public  revenues,  and 
under  him  a  body  of  secular  clergy,  for  the  seignories 

12* 


138 


CAPfADA. 


and  somo  fcnmlo  monnstic  establishments.  Tho  Pro- 
testant <JiHSLMir(  rs  liavc  places  ot  worship,  and  minis, 
tors  in  varionK  parts  of  tho  i)rovincc. 

For  the  relief  of  niarincra,  a  (hity  of  a  penny  a  (on 
is  levied  on  every  vessel  arriving  from  any  port  out  of 
the  limits  of  tho  province :  the  portion  received  at 
Qtiebec  goes  to  support  the  marine  hospital  there, 
which  was  built,  by  a  public  grant ;  that  received  at 
Montreal  goes  to  the  general  hospital  of  that  city: 
various  arts  have  also  passed  to  establish  depots  for 
the  relief  of  sliipwrecked  mariners.  There  arc  four 
Buch  at  Aniicosti,  one  near  Cape  Chat,  and  another 
at  Magdalene  river. 

'  Tho  governor  and  principal  ofTiccrs  of  the  govcrn- 
incnt  arc  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  hold  their  ap- 
pointments during  pleasure.  The  chicfof  these  are,  tho 
assistant  civil  secretary,  provincial  secretary  and  reg- 
istrar, receiver-general,  inspector-general  of  accounts, 
&c. ;  there  arc  also  G  collectors  of  customs,  3  judges 
at  Quebec,  and  .3  at  Montreal ;  with  numerous  other 
functionaries.  There  is  aiso  an  unpaid  magistracy, 
appointed  by  the  crown,  who  arc  required  to  possess 
immovable  property,  beyond  all  liabilities,  of  at  least 
X300  currency;  and  commissioners  who -sit  in  the 
email  cause  courts,  which  are  held  w^eekly  in  the 
cities,  and  on  tho  first  and  third  Saturday  of  each 
month  in  the  rural  districts,  with  power  of  adjourn, 
ment.  As  regards  the  superior  courts  of  justice,  the 
judges  pesiding  in  each  district  have  supreme  juris- 
diction.  Trial  by  jury  was  introduced,  with  the  rest 
of  the  criminal  and  civil  law  of  England,  in  17G3; 
the  juries  were,  at  first,  exclusively  taken  from  the 
cities,  and  subsequently  (by  a  government  order)  were 
selected  by  the  sherilVs,  from  these,  and  from  the  ad- 
jacent country,  for  J5  leagues  around. 

The  exrernai  trade  of  Canada  is  carried  on  through 
the  medium  of  the  ports  of  Quebec,  Montreal,  St. 
John's,  Coteau  du  Lac,  and  Stanfield.  From  the  U. 
Kingdom,  Canada  imports  coals,  metals,  cordage. 


CANADA. 


J  3D 


East  India  produce,  and  vorious  kindd  of  nritish  niaii- 
ufactureg;  from  tlio  Uriiish  West  India  colonics, 
sugnr,  molasses,  rum,  coffee,  and  hard. woods  ;  fron» 
tho  United  Slates,  beef,  |)ork,  biscuit,  rice,  and  to- 
bacco.  Owing  to  tlio  urjjust  and  oppressive  prefer- 
ence given  to  Canadian  timber  in  ilio  markets  gf 
Great  Britain,  it  forms  by  far  tho  principal  article  of 
export  from  tho  colony.  The  next  article  is  corn, 
especially  wheat,  which,  however,  is  supposed  to  bo 
mainly  derived  from  tho  United  States  ;  and  then 
follow  ashes,  furs,  fish,  &.c.  In  1831  tho  tolal  valuo 
of  the  exports  from  Canadix  amounted  lo  XI, 018, 922. 
The  importscheifly  consist  of  cottons,  woolens,  silks, 
linens,  glass,  hardware,  coal,  iScc.  Their  total  valuo 
in  1834  was  Xl.OGS.Gir).  Tho  total  revenue  derived 
from  taxes  in  1836  amounted  to  X'102,027. 

Canada  was  ceded  by  France  to  England  in 
17G3:  it  had  j)reviously  been  governed  by  French 
military  authority;  from  thence,  to  1774,  it  was 
under  the  rule  of  an  English  governor  and  council, 
U'ith  English  law,  administered  in  tho  English 
language  only.  From  1774  to  1791  it  was  gov- 
erned by  an  English  governor  and  a  logislutivc 
council,  appointed  by  the  crown,  with  English  crim- 
inal, and  French  civil  law ;  and  from  1791  downward, 
by  the  constitution  sanctioned  by  the  British  Parlia- 
ment. The  Quebec  Act  of  1774  introduced  a  new 
and  liberal  policy.  In  order  to  conciliate  the  colonists, 
it  substituted  the  old  system  of  civil  law,  or  that  called 
tho  Coutume  de  Paris,  fur  tho  civil  law  of  England, 
and  it  directed  the  use  of  the  French  language  to  bo 
resumed  in  the  law  courts.  Notwithstanding  these 
concessions,  the  French  in  Canada  are  now  almost 
as  much  a  distinct  people  as  in  17G0.  Tho  Nation 
Canadienne  has  no  sympathy,  and  but  little  commu- 
nication with  Englishmen :  on  the  contrary,  a  broad 
line  of  demarcation  and  a  deep-rooted  antipa^^v  -vb- 
sists  between  them.  To  this  hostile  feeling  oa  the 
part  of  the  French  colonists,  may  be  fairly  ascribed  thq 


ill 


">■' 


•ii 


140 


CANADA. 


outbreak  that  took  place  in  Canada,  and  the  subse- 
quent suppression  of  the  constitution,  and  the  occupa- 
tion  of  the  country  bj'  British  troops. 

Distribution  of  Ground. — The  surveyed  portion 
of  West  Canada  comprises  17,653,544  acres,  in 
11  districts,  and  between  300  and  400  townships. 
Wheat  and  tobaeco  are  the  chief  exports.  Of  the 
surveyed  lands  450,000  acres  are  reserved  for  roads ; 
2,395,687  acres  are  clergy  reserves  ;  13,660,838  have 
been  granted  and  appropriated,  and  there  remain  for 
future  grants,  1,147,019  acres.  About  l-48th  part 
of  the  area  is  considered  to  be  under  cultivation.  The 
modes  of  granting  have  been  the  same  as  those  in 
the  lower  province.  The  crown  and  clergy  reserves 
have  also  been  made  on  the  same  principle  as  those 
of  Canada  East ;  in  two  cases  the  government  has 
delegated  the  disposal  of  its  waste  lands  to  others ; 
the  district  of  Talbot  (48,500  acres)  to  Col.  Talbot ; 
and  the  crown  reserves  (1,384,413  acres)  and  a  block 
of  land  in  the  Huron  district,  (1,100,000  acres)  to  the 
**  Canada  Company ;"  about  l-30th  part  of  the  grant 
ed  land  is  under  cultivation. 

A  small  tax,  not  exceeding  Id.  in  the  pound,  is 
levied  both  on  cultivated  and  waste  lands ;  the  for- 
mer being  valued  at  20s.  the  acre,  the  latter  at  4*. 
The  whole  amount  of  taxation  of  a  farm  of  100  acres, 
in  the  western  province,  is  about  18.9.  This  tax  be- 
gan to  be  levied  by  the  provincial  government  in  1820. 
If  8  years  are  in  arrear,  the  shcriifis  authorised  to 
sell;  but  this  has  been  done  only  in  a  few  instances, 
when  the  owners  allowed  it  as  the  cheapest  and  easi- 
est way  of  making  a  title  to  the  rest  of  their  land. 
The  number  of  churches  built,  or  in  progress,  con- 
nected with  the  Church  of  England,  is  about  90;  the 
number  of  clergymen  73;  the  number  of  followers  are 
estimated  at  150,000,  by  the  Bishop  of  Montreal, 
within  whose  diocese  the  province  is  included,  and 
under  him  are  the  archdeacons  of  York  and  Kings- 
ton.   The  Presbyterians  of  the  Scotch  church,  the 


CANADA. 


141 


Catholics,  and  the  Wcsleyans,  are  the  other  chief 
Beets:  the  latter  arc  said  to  out-number  any  of  the 
rest.  The  ministers  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  fire 
supported  partly  by  stipends  from  the  government, 
partly  by  their  respective  congregations;  the  Catho- 
lics have  a  bishop,  who  resides  at  Toronto,  and  who 
also  receives  an  annual  grant  from  the  government 
to  aid  in  the  maintenance  of  himself  and  priesthood ; 
the  ministers  of  the  other  sects  are  wholly  supported 
by  their  congregations.  By  the  Constitutional  Act 
of. 1791,  reserves  of  land  were  set  apart  in  this,  as  in 
the  eastein  province,  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
*' Protestant  clergy". 

History. — Canada  is  paid  to  have  been  first  dis- 
covered  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  in  1497 ;  if  so,  it  was 
comprised  with  the  rest  of  the  extensive  line  of  coast 
he  explored,  under  the  general  name  of  Newfound, 
land,  subsequently  limited  to  the  island  so  called. 
The  French  first  attempted  to  make  those  discoveries 
available,  and  are  said  to  have  framed  a  map  of  the 
gulf  so  early  as  1508.  In  1525  the  country  waa 
taken  possession  of  in  the  name  of  the  king  of  France, 
and  in  1535  Cartier  explored  the  river,  naming  it  St. 
Lawrence,  from  having  entered  it  on  that  saint's  day. 
Quebec,  however,  the  first  settlement,  was  not  found- 
ed  till  16Q6.  For  a  considerable  period  subsequent  to 
this  the  colonists  ajjpcar  to  have  been  engaged  in  a 
series  of  sanguinary  conflicts  with  the  native  Indian 
tribes,  and  to  have  been  often  on  the  brink  of  being 
extripated:  the  strife,  however,  ultimately  terminated 
in  a  friendly  compact,  which  converted  the  Indiana 
into  available  auxiliaries  against  the  English.  Que- 
bec was  taken  by  the  British  forces  under  General 
Wolf,  in  1759,  and  the  whole  territory  formally  ceded 
by  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  1763.  The  seignorial 
rights,  the  various  holdings  and  tenures  under  them, 
and  the  endowments  of  ihe  Catholic  church,  were 
left  undisturbed :  and  all  the  estates,  including  all 
the  unappropriated  lands  in  the  province,  held  at  the 


149 


CANADA. 


period  by  the  French  king,  became  vested  in  the 
British  crown.  In  the  years  1812-13-14,  the  lakes, 
and  especially  the  shores  of  Niagara,  were  the  scene 
of  a  succession  of  severe  contests ;  and  the  militia 
on  either  side  beingr  ciitratj^cd  in  tliom,  near  relatives 
were  found  often  coiitcndiiiiif  in  opposite  ranks,  so 
that  common  was  agi^ravatcd  to  civil  warfjire ;  and  In- 
dians also  were  employed,  and  increased  its  horrors. 
The  grievances  and  complaints  of  Canada  first 
obtained  the  attention  of  parliament  in  1828,  when  a 
select  committee  of  the  II.  of  C.  reported  on  them. 
The  legislative  assembly's  claims  were, — the  right  of 
appropriating  all  the  crown  revenues  as  thoy  pleased, 
and  also  all  those  accruing  from  parliamentary  and 
provincial  statutes,  and  the  settlement  and  alienation 
of  all  the  wild  lands  of  the  province  ;  but  the  most  im- 
portant  point,  without  which  the  rest  would  bo  con- 
ceded in  vain,  according  to  their  statement,  was,  that 
the  legislative  council  should  be  elected  by  the  people, 
and  thus  assimilated  to  the  senate  ofthe  United  States. 
Another  H.  of  Commons  report  led  to  the  nomination  of 
Lord  Gosford  (who  was  also  appointed  governor)  and 
two  other  commissioners,  and  five  reports  and  ap. 
pendixes,  published  in  1837,  are  the  only  result  of 
their  labors.  In  the  divisions  which  took  place  in 
the  House  of  Assembly,  the  British  party  divided  from 
8  to  1 1  in  house  of  88  mem')crs.  The  grievances  of  the 
western  province  v/cre  set  forth  in  the  report  of  a 
committee  of  their  IlouirC  of  Assembly,  v;ho  a'dopted 
it,  and  laid  it  before  the  king.  The  extent  and  abuse  of 
the  crown  patronage  ;  the  virtual  irresponsibility  of 
the  executive  ;  the  mode  of  conducting  the  business 
of  the  provincial  posi-ofTice  ;  the  manngemcnt  ofthe 
Toronto  College  ;  the  provision  made  for  the  ecclesi- 
astical e5labhshment,  and  for  the  maintenance  of 
certain  sects  only  (the  House  say  they  ♦'  recognise  no 
particular  denomination  as  established  in  Canada 
with  cxclu  ve  claims,  powers,  or  privileges";)  the* 
partiahty  shown  in  the  choice  of  magistrates ;  the 


MONTHEAi. 


143 


absence  of  control  over  the  crown  revenues ;  and  the 
failure  on  the  part  of  the  local,  to  carry  into  effect  the 
l-ecommendations  of  the  general,  government,  are  the 
most  prominent  ol  the  grievances  set  forth.  Subse- 
quent to  this.  Sir  F.  Head  replaced  Sir  J.  Colborne 
as  governor,  in  1836  ;  and  during  his  government  the 
outbreak  under  Mackenzie  and  others  took  place; 
which  ultimately  led  to  the  suppression,  of  the  con-, 
stitution,  and  the  union  of  the  tv\o  provinces  under 
one  government. 


MONTREAL. 

A  town  and  river  port  of  British  America,  and  the 
second  city  and  chief  seat  of  the  commerce  of  East 
Canada  ;  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Montreal,  in 
the  St.  Lawrence,  150  miles  in  a  direct  line  S.  W.  of 
Quebec ;  lat.  45^  30'  W.,  lung.  73°  25'  N.  Popula- 
tion, with  its  suburbs,  in  1840,  27,297.  Its  site  is 
not  so  commanding  as  that  of  Quebec,  but  it  is  in 
every  other  respect  superior  to  that  city.  It  is  not  so 
crowded ;  and  some  even  of  its  oldest  streets  are  of 
tolerable  breadth.  Montreal  is  divided  into  the  Up- 
per and  the  Lower  Town ;  the  diflt^rence  in  their 
elevation  is  but  slight,  but  the  former  being  the  more 
modern  is  the  handsomer  division.  It  has  several 
suburbs,  including  which  it  stretclies  along  the  river 
for  2  miles  from  N.  to  S.,  and  lias  for  some  distance 
a  nearly  equal  breadth  inland.  The  battiernented 
wall  with  which  it  was  formerly  surrounded,  has  long 
fallen  into  decay,  and  it  is  novv  entirely  open,  tho 
wooded  heights  around  being  covered  with  villas  and 
pleasure  grounds.  In  the  Lower  Town,  Paul  street, 
the  chief  commercial  thoroughfare,  extends  parallel 
with  the  river  the  whole  length  of  the  city  ;  and  in  the 
Upper  Town  several  streets  proceed  in  the  same  di. 
rcction,  communicating  vvith  Paul  street  by  cross 
streets.  In  the  Upper  town  and  suburbs,  which  are 
mostly  inhabited  by  the  principal  merchants,  many  of 


■>    *£    i 

w 


144 


MOSfTREAti. 


the  houses  are  handsomely  and  solidly  built  in  the 
modern  style ;  but  in  the  Lower  town  they  are  prin- 
cipally  of  a  gloomy  looking  grey  stone,  with  dark  iron 
window-shutters  and  tinned  roofs.  Along  the  bank 
of  the  river  is  an  extensive  line  of  quays  and  ware- 
houses. Many  of  the  houses  in  the  suburbs  are  built 
of  wood,  but  there  arc  no  wooden  buildings  within  the 
space  once  encompassed  by  the  walls ;  and  this  city 
and  Quebec  have  more  of  the  aspect  of  old  European 
towns  than  any  other  towns  in  America. 

The  most  remarkable  public  edifice  is  the  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral,  opened  in  1829,  and  superior  to 
any  other  church  in  British  America.  It  is  of  Gothic 
architecture,  255^  feet  in  length  by  134^  in  breadth. 
It  is  faced  with  stone,  and  roofed  with  tin,  and  has  6 
towers,  of  which  the  three  belonging  to  the  main  front 
are  220  feet  in  height.  On  the  roof  is  a  promenade, 
76  feet  in  length  by  20  in  breadth,  elevated  120  feet. 
The  principal  window  is  64  feet  in  height,  and  32  in 
breadth.  The  interior  is  capable  of  acocmmodating 
from  10,000  to  12,000  persons,  who  may  disperse  by 
numerous  outlets  in  5  or  6  minutes.  It  comprises  7 
chapels,  and  9  spacious  aisles.  There  are  several 
other  Roman  Catholic  churches,  mostly  belonging  to 
the  order  of  St.  Sulpice ;  to  the  members  of  which 
Montreal  chiefly  owed  its  foundation,  and  who  still 
hold  the  scignory  of  (he  is'and  upon  which  it  stands. 

The  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  a  large  and  commo- 
dious building  adjoining  tlio  cathedral,  occupies  three 
sides  of  an  oblong  area,  I'.i}  feet  in  len^-ih  by  29  deep, 
and  is  surrounded  by  sp  c^ous  gardens.  A  hand- 
some additional  building,  210  feet  by  45  feet,  has 
been  lately  erected,  at  an  expense  of  XI  0,000.  In 
these  establishments,  students  in  most  of  the  higher 
branches  of  learning  are  taught  at  very  moderate 
charges.  The  principal  English  church  is  a  hand- 
some  building,  in  the  Grecian  style,  surmounted  by  a 
high  and  beautiful  spire.  It  has  also  a  Scotch  kirk, 
»n  American  Protestant  church,  and  chapels  belong. 


lilONTniiAL. 


145 


ing  to  iho  Mcthoilists  and  Scotch  dissenters.  The 
Montreal  Genfriil  Hospital,  creeled  in  lS:il-2  by  vol- 
nntarj'  su!)Scription,  a  lar^^e  and  vcll-built  rdifice,  is 
said  to  be  one  of  the  bc3t  regulated  itisiimtions  of 
the  kind  in  Anicrica.  A  lar^rc  conventual  structure, 
the  Hold  Disit,  oceiipiod  by  a  superior,  matron  and 
tUirty-six  nu\is,  is  appropriiited  to  tlie  reception  of  the 
pick  a:id  indi^-iont;  and  the  convoiit  of  the  Grey 
Bisters  partly  serves  a3  an  asylum  for  the  aged  and 
infirm,  the  iasr.no,  ffjundliiigs,  &:c. 

The   iSitiiirs  Noires,  have   an  expensive  convent, 
founded  in  IGoO;  lis  inmates  consist  of  a  superior 
and  63  nuns,  whose  duties  are  directed  to  (he  edu- 
cation of  you;;g  girls.     Tlie  court-house  and  prison 
are   subslanlial  builJJHgs,  ocenpying  the  site  of  the 
former  co!Iec:c  of  the  Jesuits.    The  govcriuneut  house, 
bank,  barracks,  ordnaV.ce  clucc,  a;id  4  market.housea 
arc  amonj  the  remaining  principal  buildings.    In  one 
of  the  squares  is  a  colossal  statue  of  Nelson,  placed 
on  a  Doric  column,  the  pedestal  of  wliich  has  bas- 
reliefs  representing  his  principal  actions.      Besides 
the  educational  establishments  noticed  above,  Mon- 
treal has  a  college,  with  a  principal  and  4  professors,  a 
royal  grammar  school,  parochial,  union,  national,  Sun- 
day, and  other  public  schools  ;  and  many  good  privato 
French  and  English  seminaries.      The  university  of 
M'Gill  college,  endowed  by  a  citizen  of  Montreal,  in 
1814,  with  a  valuab'e  estate,  and  .^^^  10, 000  in  money, 
was  chartered  in  18iJl,  and  is  conducted  on  a  liberal 
and  enlarged  scale.     Montreal  has  a  penitentiary,  a 
house  of  industry,  a  savings  bank,  a  natural  history  so- 
ciety,  a  mechanics'  institution,  a  central  auxiliary  soci- 
ety for  promoting  education  and  industry,  bible  and 
tract,  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies,  several 
public  libraries,  an  excellent  news.room,  &c.   Several 
newspapers  and  other  periodical  publications  issue 
from  the  presses  of  the  town.    The  position  of  Montreal 
at  the  head  of  the  ship  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  near  the  confluence  of  that  river  with  the  Ottawa, 

13 


.    ti;: 


■m 


% 


}4^ 


UORtRCAt.. 


I'  > 


•8  well  as  its  situation  with  respect  to  the  United  States 
necessarily  make  it  one  of  the  greatest  emporiums  of 
America. 

The  harbor,  though  not  large,  is  secure,  and  vessels 
d;rawing  15  feet  water  may  lie  close  to  the  shore.  Its 
general  depth  of  water  is  from  3  to  4i  fathoms.  Ita 
chief  disadvantage  consists  in  the  rapid  of  St.  Mary's 
about  I  mile  below,  which  vessels  often  find  it  diffi- 
cult to  stem.  To  obviate  the  obstructions  in  the  nav- 
igation above  Montreal,  the  La  Chine  canal,  9  miles 
long,  20  feet  wide,  and  5  feet  in  depth,  was  undertaken 
in  1821,  and  completed  at  an  expense  of  £130,il00. 
The  communication  with  the  opposite  sides  of  the 
river  is  carried  on  by  several  steam  and  other  vessels ; 
and  duii-ing  the  summer,  a  regular  steamboat  commu- 
nication  is  kept  up  with  Quebec.  At  this  season, 
vast  rafts  of  timber  come  down,  and  pass  the  city  for 
Quebec ;  and  scows,  bateaux  of  about  6  tons,  and 
Durham  boats,  bring  to  Montreal  the  produce  of  the 
Upper  Country.  Neither  is  the  trade-of  Montreal  sus- 
pended in  winter,  like  that  of  Quebec.  Thousands 
of  sledges  may  then  be  seen  coming  in  from  all  dr. 
rections  with  agricultural  produce,  frozen  carcasses 
of  beef  and  pork,  firewood  and  other  articles.  Mon. 
treal  is  the  centre  of  the  commerce  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States,  carried  on  by  Lake  Champlain 
and  the  Hudson  ;  and  not  only  is  it  the  dep6t  of  all 
the  adj{(cent  country,  but  most  of  the  business  done 
in  Quebec  is  carried  on  by  branches  from  the  Mon. 
treal  houses.  In  1838,  98  ships,  of  the  aggregate 
burden  of  22,289  tons,  entered,  and  99  ships,  burden 
Sl,90l  tons,  left  the  port.  Formerly  this  city  was  the 
head  quarters  of  the  fur  trade,  but  its  interest  in  it 
has  greatly  declined.  It  has,  however,  cast-iroii  foun. 
dries,  distilleries,  breweries,  soap,  candle  and  tobacco 
manufactories,  several  ship  building  establishments, 
and  machinery  for  steam-engines.  Various  articles 
of  hardware,  linseed  oil,  floor-cloth,  &c.,  arc  made  in 
the  town.  The  markets  are  abundantly  supplied  witH 


^OM'CBUAL. 


Uf 


good  butchers*  ni^at,  fish,  poultry,  ffuit,  regetables, 
&c.  About  three-fourths  of  the  population  are  ^f 
i^'rench  descent;  the  remainder,  consisting  principal- 
ly of  emigrants  from  the  United  Kingdom,  Americans, 
and  Iroquois  Indians.  Montreal,  originally  called 
Villemarie,  was  taken  from  the  French,  in  1760. 

The  environs  of  Montreal  also  present  many  objects 
worthy  a  stranger's  attention:  as  the  "  Mountain,"  La 
Chine  Canal,  and  the  Rapids,  which  it  is  designed  to 
overcome:  those  of  the  Cedres,  &,c.;  indeed  the 
entire  island  is  replete  with  interesting  objects,  an  in- 
spection of  which  will  -amply  i;epay  the  time  devoted 
to  it ;  and,  more  remote,  are  the  celebrated  'Caledo- 
nia Springs,  which,  though  known  and  tesorted  to 
by  the  Indians  of  the  neighborhood  for  many  years 
past,  have  but  lately  received  that  attention  from  th© 
public  which  their  medicinal  and  heaUng  qualities  de- 
jnand.  They  are  situated  about  70  miles  nearly  due 
.west  from  Montreal,  at  the  head  of  a  small  affluent  of 
the  Ottawa,  in  Caledonia  township,  where  a  town  has 
been  laid  off,  and  buildings  erected  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visiters.  The  chief  of  ?theee  springs  are 
iJesignated  as  the  "^white  sulphur^"  ^^ saline"  and 
*^gaa"  springs,  respectively.  The  latter  emits  an  in- 
flammable  gas,  probably  carburetted  hydrogen,  which 
answers  the  purpose  of  lighting  some  of  the  buildings. 
The  route  commonly  ,*aken  from  Montreal  to  the 
springs,  is  by  the  yill&ges  of  St.  Eustache,  Point  Fop- 
tune,  Hawkesbury,  L'Original,  &c.  A  water  route, 
which  increases  the  distance  somewhat,  is  afforded 
by  the  Ottawa,  which  conducts  to  L'Original,  whencd 
passengers  are  conveyed  in  stages,  a  distance  of  S 
miles,  to  the  springs. 


Route  frtim  Montreal  to  Quebec,  iy  steambotit. 

On  leaving  Montreal,  the  first  village  that  presents 
itself  is  Boucherville,  nearly  opposite  the  lowersuburb 
of  Montreal ;  which,  like  most  of  the  Tillages  that  Hoc 


liiii 


.JBi 
8fih 


148 


ROUTE   FROM 


the  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  presents  a  remark, 
ably  neat  appearance.  Indeed  the  entire  bank  is 
occupied  by  a  continued  succession  of  villages,  with 
their  churches  and  tin  covered  houses,  or  cottages, 
which  add  life  and  animation  to  the  natural  scenery, 
which  is  beautiful  to  a  high  degree.  The  rapids  of 
St.  Mary's,  about  2  miles  below  the  city,  serve  to  in- 
crease the  speed  of  the  steamer,  which  soon  reaches 
Varennes. — A  beautiful  village,  nearly  opposite 
the  north  point  of  Montreal  island.  Ten  miles  farther 
on  is  St.  Sulpice,  then  Vnltrie,  both  on  the  left. 
After  proceeding  some  5  or  6  miles,  the  pretty  little 
town  oi  Noraye  comes  in  view ;  it  is  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which  is  here  broken  by  several 
small  islands,  nearly  opposite  to  which  is  William 
Henry,  a  small  fortress  situated  at  the  confluence  of 
the  Richlieu,  the  outlet  of  lake  Champlain,  with  the 
St.  Lawrence.  Immediately  on  leaving  William 
Henry,  Lake  St  Peter  is  entered  through  a  perfect 
labyrinth  of  islands.  It  is  an  expansion  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  about  10  miles  in  width,  and  20  in  length. 
The  rivers  St.  Francis  and  Yamasca  enter  it  from 
the  south-east.  At  the  mouth  of  the  latter  is  the  neat 
village  of  Yamasca ;  then  follow  those  of  Baie,  St. 
laabelle,  and  Gregoire,  all  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
lake;  which,  at  the  latter  village,  contracts  to  the  width 
of  one  mile.  Point  du  Lac,  another  pretty  village,  is 
situated  at  the  point  where  the  St.  Lawrence  emerges 
from  the  lake,  and  from  which  is  seen  the  ancient 
town  of  Thrae  Fivers,  the  half-way  station  between 
Montreal  and  Quebec.  This  town,  which  is  third  in 
point  of  size  in  Canada,  is  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  where  it  is  jwHed  by  the  St. 
Maurice.  It  derives  its  name  from  two  small  islands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Maurice,  which  divides  it  into 
three  channels ;  but  the  town  is  on  the  west  bank  of 
that  river.  The  situation  is  pleasant,  though  the  town 
itself,  which  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  Canada,  is  less 
attractive.    It  contains  about  450  dwelling  housest 


MONTREAL   TO    (^UlSBEC. 


H$ 


mostly  buih  of  yt^eod  ;  a  handsome  courUhoasc,  a  jail* 
a  €a(holic  and  a  Protestant  church,  an  Ursulino 
oonvenit,  founded  in  1677,  and  some  other  public  edi. 
iices.  Here  the  courts  of  justice  for  the  district  are 
held  ;  and  here,  at  one  period,  a  great  share  of  the  fur 
trade  centered ;  but  its  general  trade  has  been  mostly 
absorbed  by  Quebec  and  Montreal.  Three  Rivers 
was  once  the  capital  of  Canada.  1  ?  population  ia 
about  4,000,  mostly  descendants  of  1  >-ench,  and  th6 
names  of  its  streets  are  nearly  all  derived  from  those 
of  Paris.  It  is  96  miles  from  Montreal,  and  84  froth 
Quebec.  Ten  miles  "below  Three  Rivers,  on  the  left, 
is  the  village  of  Champlain,  and  4  miles  beyond  is 
that  of  Batiscon.  St.  Piefre  next  presents  itself  on 
the  right,  and  then  ^t.  Anne  otx  the  left ;  these  are 
succeeded  by  Grandines  on  the  left,  Lotbiniere  on  the 
p!ght,  and  Dechamhault  on  the  north  bank ;  all  re- 
markably neat  little  hamlets,  united  together  by  a 
string  of  white  cottages,  equally  neat  in  their  appear, 
ance.  About  7  miles  below  the  latter,  situated  on  tha 
south  bank  of  the  river  is  St.  Croix,  and  immediately 
opposite,  is  the  village  of  Cape  Sante ;  thence  to  St. 
Augustine  on  the  left  and  St.  Nicolas  on  the  right  is 
about  18  miles.  The  new  town  of  Liverpool  is  next 
reached,  from  which  Quebec  is  in  full  view.  The  fact 
of  the  near  approach  to  a  large  city,  is  made  abun. 
dantly  evident  by  the  improved  appearance  of  the 
cottagies  and  seats  which  line  both  banks  of  the  river* 
increasing  in  number  as  the  city  is  approached. 


t; 


QUEBEC. 

*l'he  city  of  Quebec  is  situated  on  the  Idft  Ct  ttOirtlh> 
west  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  point  where 
it  is  intersected  by  the  St.  Charles,  about  350  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  former.  By  a  late  census  it 
was  found  tu  contain  27,56*2  inhabitants,  but  its  po- 
pulation may  be  estimated  at  30,000.     The  city  oc* 

13* 


if 


150 


QUEBEC. 


cupies  the  extremity  of  a  ridge,  terminating  in  tlie 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  in  tlio 
point  called  Cape  Diamond,  rising  to  the  height  of 
nearly  340  feet  above  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  cape 
is  surmounted  by  the  citadel;  and  the  town  extends 
from  it,  principally  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  down  to  the 
water's  edge.  It  is  divided,  from  tho  difference  of 
elevation,  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  towns.  'J'he 
old  town,  which  lies  wholly  without  the  walls,  partly 
at  the  foot  of  Cape  Diamond  and  round  to  the  St. 
Charles,  has  narrow  and  dirty,  and,  in  parts,  steep 
streets.  The  ascent  from  the  Lower  to  the  tapper 
town,  which  crosses  tiie  line  of  the  fortifications,  is  by 
a  winding  street,  and  by  flights  of  steps.  Tl.c  streets 
in  the  latter,  thongh  rather  nnrrow,  are  generally 
clean,  and  loleral)ly  well  paved,  or  macadamised. 
Both  towns  arc  wholly  built  of  stone;  and  tho  public 
building-',  and  most  of  the  houses  in  th*^  Upper  town, 
are  roofed  witli  tin  plates,  the  glitter  of  which,  in  the 
sun,  has  a  brilliant  and  striking  rfFoct,  but  is  destruc- 
tive of  every  thing  tliat  Europeans  have  been  accus- 
tomed to  call  grand  and  venerable.  In  the  Lower 
town  the  houses  are  mostly  covered  with  shingles. 


PUBLIC   BtJlLDINGS,  &C. 

Quebec  Exchange,  situated  at  the  east  end  of 
St.  Paul  street,  is  a  fine  stone  structure,  having  a  read- 
ing room  50  by  30  feet  in  the  second,  and  a  public 
library  in  the  third  stories.  The  Quebec  Board  of 
Trade  have  apartments  on  the  same  floor  with  the 
library.  Several  capacious  warehouses  have  lately 
been  erected. 

Trinity  House,  near  the  Exchange,  is  occupied 
by  an  incorporated  body,  who  is  charged  with  the 
supervision  and  regulation  of  the  pilots  who  navigate 
the  river. 


QUEBEC. 


151 


Custom  House,  is  a  neat  stono  edifice,  well  adapt, 
ed  to  tlie  pur[ioaes  to  wliicli  it  is  devoted.  Adjoining 
the  Custom  flouse  is  the 

Kinfr^s  Wharf,  n^oA  as  a  pinco  of  landing  and  em- 
barkation ol  tlic  troops,  &,c.  'I'hc  immense  ware- 
hou«o  of  the  commissary  stands  near  the  wharf. 

Hotel  DieUf  one  of  the  most  exidnsive  huildings 
ill  Canada,  is  situated  between  Hope  and  Palace 
gates.  It  is  390  feet  in  length,  51  iu  width,  and  3 
stories  liiijh,  with  a  wing  on  the  N.  W.  f^idc  li  stories 
high  and  150  feet  long.  There  arc  several  fine  pic- 
tares  here,  chiefly  by  French  artists.  The  Il6tel  Dicu 
is  a  most  valuable  hospital.  The  nuns  here  not  only 
act  as  nuriea  to  the  sick  who  are  admitted  into  the 
establishment,  but  also  r.s  teachers  of  young  females. 

Ur.fuliiic  Convent,  is  an  appropriate  structure,  114 
by  40  feet,  and  two  stories  high,  with  extensive  or- 
namented grounds,  inclosed  within  a  .stone  wall :  the 
chapel,  which  is  adorned  by  several  valuable  pictures, 
is  95  by  45  feet,  of  plain  cxteiior,  but  some  of  its  in- 
terior dccor.'itions  are  splrndid.  The  remains  of  Mont, 
calm,  who  was  killed  at  the  attack  of  Quebec,  in  1759, 
by  General  Wolfe,  were  int-'rred  near  tlie  chapel. 

Quebec  Seminnry,  on  Market  square,  is  a  three 
story  uuilding,  210  {cet  in  length  and  42  feet  in  depth, 
with  rear  projections  168  feet  long.  The  hall,  or 
chapel,  is  decorated  l)y  Ionic  columns.  The  bishop 
of  the  diocese  and  his  a.ssistaiils  reside  here.  The 
library  consists  of  nearly  10,000  volumes,  and  the  cab- 
inet embraces  a  fine  scries  of  rnineralogical  speci- 
mens, fossils,  &c.,  to  which  a  choice  collection  of 
paintings  has  been  added. 

Castle  of  St  Louis,  the  government  palace  of  former 
times  :  of  this  once  immense  structure,  nothing  is  now 
to  be  seen  but  its  blackened  and  naked  walls.  It  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  1834 

Government  offices,  occupy  an  extensive  building 
on  Front  street,  in  which  also  is  the  museum  of  the 
Canadian  Society  of  Arts. 


1 1 


I! 


''/*y^riJl^ww^vm 


i5>2 


qUKBEC. 


Monument  to  Wolfe  and  Montcalm,  on  Des  Cpr- 
rieres  street.  Jesuit's  Barracks,  a  quadrangular  build- 
ing of  stone,  formerly  occupied  by  the  Jesuits  as  a 
college,  is  situated  on  the  Market  place,  opposite  the 
French  cathedral. 

Parliament  House,  is  a  fine  three  story  structure 
of  wrought  stone,  consisting  of  a  main  building,  with 
two  wings.  Its  massive  front  is  embellished  by  four 
Ionic  coUmis,  with  a  pediment.  The  Colonial  As- 
sembly mot  here  until  1841,  when  the  constitution  of 
the  province  was  abrogated. 

Court  House,  a  plain  building  of  grayj-stone,  13C 
by  46  feet,  is  situated  at  the  corner  of  St.  Louis  street 
and  the  Place  d'Armes.  The  building,  which  is  sur. 
rounded  by  nn  iron  railing,  is  occupied  by  the  vari- 
ous courts,  officers  of  the  police,  sherifT,  &c. 

Misonic  Hall,  opposite  the  post-office. 

Marine  Hospittl,  a  beautiful  Ionic  structure,  four 
stories  high  and  20G  feet  lony,  is  situated  on  the  bank 
of  Clinrlos  river.  Its  grounds  are  extensive  and 
beautifully  ornamented. 

Among  the  places  of  worship,  the  following  de* 
serve  notice :  the  French  Roman  Catholic  Cathe- 
dral, east  of  the  Market  place,  a  neat  building  216 
by  108  feet,  with  a  spire ;  Catholic  Church  of  the 
Congregation,  near  the  western  termination  of  the 
esplanade ;  Noire  Dame  dea  Victoires,  erected  in 
1690,  on  the  Market  place;  English  Cathedral,  134' 
by  73  feet,  with  a  chime  of  8  bells ;  Holy  Trinity, 
in  Stanislaus  street;  St.  J\Iatthews,  a  free  church; 
StPauVs;  St.  Patrick's,  St.  Helen  street;  Scotch 
Church,  in  St.  Anne  street;  St.  John's,  in  St.  Fran- 
cis street;  Methodisi  Church,  St.  Anne  street,  and 
another  in  Champlain  street. 

The  Citadel,  over  Cape  Diamond,  includes  an  area 
of  about  40  acres ;  and  is  formidable  alike  from  its 
position  and  the  extent  of  its  works,  constructed  on  a 
gigantic  scale,  and  on  the  most  approved  principles. 
The  Citadel  coutains  the  armory,  magazine,  storehouse 


QUEBEC. 


153 


and  barracks  for  the  ofllcers.  Tho  line  of  the  fortl. 
fications,  which  stretches  nearly  across  the  peninsula 
on  the  west,  and  runs  alonjf  a  rid^'o  between  tho  Up- 
per  and  Lower  towns,  in  intersected  by  five  pates, 
and  has  an  inner  circuit  of  about  two  and  a  half  miles. 
On  the  west,  beyond  llie  ramparts,  which  aie  95  or 
30  feet  in  height,  are  the  extensive  suburbs  of  St. 
Roche,  St.  Louia  and  St.  .John.  Military  parades 
take  place  daily  on  the  great  plain  within  the  ram. 
parts. 

Dalhovsie  Gate,  is  the  principal  entrance  to  the 
citadel,  which  is  200  feet  above  the  site  of  the  Upper 
town,  and  is  approached  by  a  winding  road  up  the 
glacis  from  St.  Louis  gate,  which  is  defended  by  out. 
works  of  great  strength.  The  main  guard-rooms  are 
immediately  within  the  Dalhousie  gate.  From  the 
bastion,  which  afTords  a  splendid  view  of  the  city  and 
its  environs,  cannon  point  in  every  direction. 

Palace  Gate,  which  is  near  the  barracks,  with  a 
guard-house  adjoining,  is  a  fine  specimen  of  archi. 
tecture. 

Hope  Gate  conducts  to  the  ascent  of  Cape  Dia. 
mond  on  the  east,  on  which  point  is  the  great  battery 
of  32  pounders,  which  commands  the  basin  and  bar- 
bor.  This  point  is  upwards  of  300  feet  above  the  St. 
Lawrence.* 

Frescott  Gate,  on  Mountain  street,  is  the  barrier 
between  the  Upper  and  Lower  towns.  It  is  connected 
with  the  castle  of  St.  Louis. 

St.  Loui^'  Gate  opens  the  way  to  the  Plains  of 
Abraham,  which  are  reached  by  a  beautiful  avenue, 
well  lined  with  fine  bui'dings. 

St.  John's  Gate  leads  to  the  suburb  of  St  John. 

Public  Promenade,  on  the  summit  of  ihe  ramparts 
of  Cape  Diamond,  is  a  wide  covered  way,  which  af- 
fords a  magnificent  view  in  all  directions. 

Governor's  Gardens,  south-west  of  the  ruins  of  St. 
Louis,  occupy  a  field  540  by  210  feet,  which  is  do- 
fended  by  a  small  battery. 


f 

I 


154 


qUEBEC. 


Among'  the  establishments  for  educational  purpo- 
ses, the  first  place  is  due  to  the  French  college.  It 
has  a  principal,  and  professors  of  theology,  rhetoric, 
and  mathematics,  with  5  regents  for  the  Latin  and 
Greek  classes.  Here  is,  also,  a  royal  grammar 
school,,  a  classical  academy,  a  national  school,  and 
many  French  and  English  private  schools.  A  royal 
institution  for  the  advancement  of  learning  within 
the  province,  and  a  literary  and  historical  society, 
respectively  enjoy  the  patronage  of  the  government 
and  of  the  principal  inhabitants.  A  mechanics'  in- 
stitute was  established  in  1830;  and  it  has  numerous 
benevolent  associations.  The  city  public  library, 
though  not  very  extensive,  is  said  to  be  yvcu  selected, 
and  to  contain  a  great  variety  of  standard  works. 
The  garrison,  also,  '  s  a  good  library.  Several 
newspapers  are  published  in  the  city. 

Though  not  a  manufacturing  town,  Quebec  has 
various  diotillerics,  breweries,  with  tobacco,  soap, 
and  candle  vorks ;;  and  numbers  of  fine  ships  have 
been  launched  from  its  yards.  It  has  two  or  three 
banks  and  a  savings  bank.  The  markets  are  well 
stocked  with  most  sorts  of  produce,  except  good  fish, 
which  is  rather  scarce  and  dear. 

The  climate,  though  on  the  whole  good  and  healthy, 
is  in  extrem'es.  In  summer  the  heat  is  equal  to  that 
of  Naples,  while  the  cold  of  winter  is  not  inferior  to 
^at  of  Moscow.  This  inequality  occasions  a  corres- 
ponding difference  in  the  modes  of  life  during  the  dif- 
ferent seasons  of  the  year.  In  winter  travelling  is 
carried  on  by  meaiis  of  sledges  and  carrioles,  in  the 
same  way  as  in  Russia.  The  first  view  of  Quebec, 
in  sailing  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  is  striking  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  and  travellers  speak  in  high  terms  of  the  mag- 
nificent prospect  from  the  citadel  on  Cape  Diamond. 

The  majority  of  the  population  being  of  French  ex* 
traction,  the  French  language,  which  is  still  spoken 
in  some  of  the  best  circles  with  great  propriety,  and 
tJte  Roman  Catholic  religion,  predominate.    Society 


,. 


Quebec. 


155 


is  here  more  polished  and  refined  than  in  any  other 
town  of  British  America ;  and  the  higher  provincial 
gentry  of  French  descent  are  distinguished  by  the 
conrteousness  and  urbanity  of  their  manner. 

Vessels  of  the  very  largest  burden  arrive  at  Que. 
bee.  Its  harbor  or  basin,  between  the  city  und  the 
island  of  New  Orleans,  is  of  great  extent,  having, 
in  general,  about  28  fathoms  water,  the  tide  rising 
from  16  to  18  feet  at  neaps,  and  from  2.5  to  30  feei 
at  springs.  Ships  lie  alongside  the  wharfs  along  the 
St.  Lawrence.  There  are  extensive  flats  between 
the  lower  town  and  the  St.  Charles,  where,  if  it  were 
deemed  of  importance,  wet  docks  migljt  be  easily 
constructed. 

The  trade  of  the  city  is  very  extensive.  It  en- 
grosses almost  the  entire  trade  of  the  province  with 
the  mother  country.  West  Indies,  &c.;  and  is  annu. 
ally  resorted  to  by  vast  numbers  of  inmiigrants,  who 
partly  settle  in  Canada,  but  who  mostly  re-emigrate 
to  the  United  States.  It  has  a  regular  intercourse, 
by  nieans  of  steamers,  with  Montreal,  and  other 
ports  higher  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  with  HaHfax, 
and  other  ports  on  the  Atlantic. 

Quebec  was  taken  from  the  French  in  1759.,.  A 
British  army,  under  General  Wolfe,  having  effected 
a  landing  near  the  city,  attacked  and  defeated  the 
French  army,  under  Montcalm,  on  the  heights  of 
Abraham,  to  the  W.  of  the  town.  Wolfe  fell  in  the 
moment  of  victory;  and  Montcalm,  who  w.'is  also 
mortally  wounded  in  the  action,  expired  soon  after. 

The  French,  panic-struck  by  the  loss  of  the  battle 
and  the  death  of  their  commander-in-chief,  surren- 
dered the  city  before  even  a  single  battery  had  been 
opened  against  it.  A  monument  was  erected,  under 
the  patronage  of  Lord  Dalhousie,  in  the  gardens  of 
the  chateau,  inscribed  to  the  "  Immortal  memory  qf 
W^Qlfe  aqd  Montcalm." 


^1 


li 


156 


ROUTE    FROM 


ENVIRONS  OF  QUEBEC. 

Falls  of  Moniinorencie,  a  beautiful  cataract  of 
Monttnorcucio  river,  which  falls  into  the  St.  Law- 
renne,  9  mi'cs  bolow  Quebec.  The  perpendicular 
pitch  1-3  210  feet;  and  bciii.T-  in  full  view  from  the  St. 
Lawrence,  alforda  one  of  the  most  magnificent 
scenes  in  Canada. 

Island  of  Orleans,  an  island  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, commences  near  the  outlet  of  Montmoreucie, 
and  extends  about  20  miles  in  a  N.  E.  direction.  It 
is  well  cultivated,  and  produces  immense  quantities 
of  garden  vegetables  for  iho  supply  of  the  Quebec 
markets.  The  principal  villari;es  on  the  island  arc, 
St,  Pierre,  St.  Laurent,  St.  Jean,  5i.  Faviille,  and 
St.  Fianrois. 

Beaufort,  a  npat  village,  which  commences 
about'  .5  miles  N.  E.  from  Quebec,  aijd  extends,  in 
one  continued  street,  to  the  Falls  of  Montmorencie. 

Charleshourg,  six  miles  N.  W.,  and  New  Lorcttc 
and  Sonbroitzc,  about  10  miles  west  from  Quebec, 
are  neat  villages,  each  havinir  a  church.  Old  Lo. 
rettc  and  St.  Foi,  the  former  8  and  the  latter  G  miles 
S.  W.  from  the  city,  are  also  pretty  little  towns. 

Chaiidicrrc  Falls,  about  10  miles  from  Quebec, 
arc  in  the  Chaudierre  river,  which  enters  the  south 
side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  6  miles  above  the  (ity. 

The  falls,  which  descend  130  feet,  arc  four  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

In  descending  the  St.  Lawrence  from  Quebec,  tho 
first  object  which  attracts  attention  is  Faint  Levy, 
surmounted  by  the  little  village  of  St.  Joseph.  Ten 
miles  below  are,  St.  Laurent,  on  the  north,  and 
Beaumont,  on  the  south  bank.  These  arc  succeeded 
by  St,  Blichel,  St.  Vallier,  and  Berthier,  (25  miles 
from  Quebec,)  all  on  the  south  side  of  the  river ; 
which,  at  the  latter  place,  is  nearly  10  miles  in  width. 

Cape  Tourment,  10  miles  below  the  island  of  Or-, 
leans,  is  an  elevated  blutf,  1,800  feet  in  height. 


> 


oi 
ih 
of 


b: 
o 


L 


V 


MONTHEAL  TO  FINGSTOX.  157 

Zloiiie  from  Moniicnl  to  Kingston,  and  thence  to 
IS  i:  gar  (I,  ly  st.aiuboat,  <J-r. 

La  Cl'.inc,  8 

Ca.vciides IG     2-i 

C'cdic?, 7     'M 

Cotv-);ai  clu  Lac, 7     SS 

Lt!-.c  St.  Francis, 4     4^ 

St.  lieyi^, 2:i     ni 

Cornwa!!,  G     "iO      ■ 

lio:-;;;  Saute  Ts'i.nd,  lO     80 

Ciirysler's  Field, 17     97 

IIa;iiiIton,  1     98 

Pre^c^Jlt 18  IIG 

]irockvilie, 14  U[) 

Ki!;s.^ta:i, 48  178 

Oswego, 53  23G 

Coburjr,  74  310 

Port  Hope, .3:5  34G 

Toronto,  GG  412 

Niagara  Vi!la-e, 3;)  442 

Queousloii,  7  419 

Falls  of  Niagara, G  455 

La  Chine,  a  town  of  Montreal  island,  and  one 
of  the  principal  seats  of  the  fur  trade,  situated  near 
the  S.  E.  point  of  the  island,  at  the  conimenceniont 
of  llie  canal  around  tlie  La  Chine  rapids. 

Cascades,  a  part  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  which 
being  greatly  reduced  in  breadlh  by  the  intervention" 
of  an  island  and  a  point  that  bear  this  name,  present;?  a 
most  tumultuous  appearance.  The  dangers  of  this 
pass  are  avoided  by  a  small  canal  which  has  leon. 
cut  across  the  point  leading  into  lake  St.  Louis. 

Cedres,  a  small  village  of  Vaudreuil,  on  the  Si. 
Lawrence,  opposite  the  rapids  of  "  Lcs  Cedres." 

Coteou  dii  Lac,  rapids  of  the  St.  Lnw.nhC-i, 
which  aro  overcome  by  a  series  of  locks.  Tiio  vil- 
lage of  Coteau  du  Lac  is  on  the  north  bank  of  the 
river,  near  the  rapids. 

14 


158 


ROUTE   TROii 


Lake  St.  Francis,  an  expansion  of  the  St.  LSW* 
rcnce,  about  30  iiiilca  in  length,  with  a  mean  width 
of  4  miles.  At  (he  head  of  the  hike  is  St.  I^egis,  an  In« 
dian  villiige,  situated  on  tlie  St  Lawrence,  just  above 
the  boundary  Hne  between  New  York  and  Canada. 

Cornwall,  a  villaire  of  Stennont,  Canada  West, 
cituated  on  the  rortli  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Lo7}g  Srjiit  ld':nd,  in  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Chryder^i<  Field. — Mere  the  Americans  were  de- 
feated liv  a  Dritii^h  force,  under  Col.  Fearson,  Nov. 
IL  181 3. 

I[ut:iilJnn,  a  villngc  of  St.  Lawrence  county, 
New  York. 

Prescott,  a  vil'aire  of  Greenville,  Canada  West, 
situared  nearly  ojiposife  Ogdensburg. 

Brockville,  a  iiourishing  town  and  '  cat  of  jus- 
tice for  liCeds  county,  Canada  West. 

Kingaton,  a  hir^fe  and  important  town  of  west, 
em  Canada,  wiiich  occupies  thri  site  of  old  fort  Fron- 
tenac,  at  the  outh't  of  lake  Ontario,  opposite  Grand 
island.  It  was  laid  out  in  178-1,  and  is  now  the  most 
populo'..  ^  I  ■M'o  ince,  having:;'  about  3,0II0  inhab- 
itant: .  ^  ^  si"  ,,;.  ;,  as  an  entrepot  between  Canada 
and  '.6  United  Sratcs,  is  very  advantageous.  The 
ha  jr  is  excellent,  and  admits  vessels  of  the  largest 
si '3.  Its  public  buildings  arc,  4  churches,  a  court 
house,  jail,  hospital,  and  some  others.  The  Rideau 
canal,  the  most  extensive  and  costly  work  in  British 
America,  commences  here-,  and  extends  in  a  general 
N.  E.  direction  to  Bytovvn,  on  the  Ottawa,  a  distance 
of  129i  miles. 

Oswego,  an  incorporated  village  and  seat  of  jus. 
lice  of  Oswego  county,  situated  on  lake  Ontario,  at 
the  mouth  of  Oswego  river.  Besides  the  court  house 
and  other  county  buildings,  there  are,  7  churches,  a 
custom  house,  2  banks,  an  academy,  and  about  600 
other  buildings,  including  2  cotton  factories,  7  flour- 
ing mills,  tan  yard,  morocco  factory,  2  iron  foundries, 
6  machine  shops,  a  snufT factory,  planter,  planing,  and 


MONTREAL  TO  KINGSTON. 


m 


saw  mills,  2  ship  yards,  ifcc.  Tlie  town  and  harbor 
arc  dfifunded  hy  fort  Oiitaiio,  situatrd  on  the  riifht 
hank  of  the  river,  at  its  confluence  with  lake  Ontario. 
The  site  of  old  fort  Oswego,  wliicli  was  on  the  oppo. 
site  side  of  the  river,  is  now  occupied  by  n  ship  yard, 
a  marine  railway,  and  warehouses.  The  Oswrrro 
canal  extends  hence  to  Syracuse,  a  distance  of  38 
miles,  where  it  intersects  the  Erie  canal. 

Oswego,  which  has  a  population  of  not  less  than 
5,000,  is  the  most  populous  and  coniniercitil  town  on 
the  shore  of  lake  Ontario,  and  its  manufactures  arc 
vast  and  various.  The  Oswego  river  affords  an  al- 
most unlimited  water  power,  which  is  employed  by 
many  of  the  factories  and  workshops  ;  and  its  means 
of  inler-commimication  are  not  less  important. 

Cobiirg  and  Fort.  Ilupe  are  two  small  villages  of 
Newcastle  district,  Canada  West. 

Toronto,  formerly  the  seat  of  government  for 
tipper  Canada,  is  beautifully  situated  within  an  ex. 
ci'Ilent  harbor,  formed  by  a  peninsula,  which  con- 
fines a  basin  of  water  sufficiently  capacious  to  con. 
tain  a  large  fleet.  It  was  originally  called  York, 
which  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Toronto  a  short 
time  prior  to  the  late  disturbances  in  Canada,  which 
al  once  deprived  the  place  of  its  consequence  as  the 
scat  of  government,  and  also  led  lo  the  abolition  of  the 
constitutional  system,  which,  until  then,  had  been  in 
operation. 

Niagara  V'illnge,  a  small  settlement  and  fort  on 
the  west  bank  of  Niagara  river,  at  its  entrance  into 
lake  Ontario. 

Queenstori,  a  small  vi'lage  of  Niagara  district, 
Canada  V-  st,  situated  on  Niagara  river,  neaily  op. 
posite  to  Lewiiitovvn. 

The  battle  of  Queenston,  in  which  the  British 
General,  Brock,  was  killed,  October  13,  1812,  was 
fought  on  the  heights  near  the  village,  upon  which  a 
monument  to  the  memory  of  Brock  has  been  erected. 

Niagara  Falls.f 


Ml 


I  N  D  l^J  X . 


A  PAGE.  ' 

Acquackanoiik  43 

Albany 57 

Alha      ,  routes  from  59 

Albi< 77 

Aldca eS 

Alexandria 83 

Amsterdam GO 

Angelica  10(1 

Antwerp 102 

Argyle  68 

Astoria 24 

Athens So 

Attica 68 

Avon  springs 107 

Auburn 63 

B 

Baie 148 

Baker's  falls 85 

Ballston  lake 80 

Ballston  Spa 79 

Barnegat  52 

Batavia.,. 67 

Bath 108 

Batiscon 149 

Beaufort 150 

Beaumont 156 

Bedford 25 

Bedlow's  island 29 

Bemu's  heights  89 

Bergen 67 

Bergen,  N.Y 72 


Berthior 156 

Binglianiton 104 

Biackrock 69 

Blooiniiigdale 28 

Buorievillc 100 

Bonlcntown 30 

Boston  115 

Bt)ucherviIlo 147 

Hriii^cport  118 

Rridaeport    64 

Brighton 26 

Bristol 39 

Bristol 54 

Brockport 77 

Brockville 158 

F'Tooklyn  23 

Brown  ville 101 

Buffalo 68 

Buflalo,  routes  from  109 

Bull's  ferry 44 

Burlington 91 

Burlington,  N.  J.  ...     30 
C 

Cohoes  falls 74 

Caledonia 106 

Caldwell 82 

Caldwell's  landing. .     49 

Camillus   63 

C'anaan  falls 119 

Canada,  general  view  120 
Canajoharie 74 


162 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Canals  of  N.Y 10 

Caiiaiitlaigua G5 

Cape  Tounncnt 15G 

Capo  Sante 149 

Cascades 157 

Canastota 75 

Canterbury 118 

Carthago 102 

Castle  Williams 29 

Caughncwaga GO 

Cat^kill 55 

Cayuga Gt 

Cayuga  lake G4 

Ccdres 157 

Cliarlesbourg 15G 

Chatham  4 

Charlton 95 

Four  Corners 93 

Chaudicre  fails  15G 

Chena'igo  forks 104 

Clierry  Valley  90 

Chester   94 

Chester,  N.J 40 

Chittcnango 75 

Chrysler's  field 158 

Churchville 67 

Chaniplain 149 

Cleveland  109 

Clyde  76 

Coeynians 56 

Coburg   159 

Cold  S()ring 50 

Colutnbiaville 56 

Columbus 53 

Conncaut 109 

Connecticut  river. ...  114 

Coney  island 25 

Coopcrstown 91 


TAGB. 

Cotoau  du  Lac 157 

Cornwall  119 

Cornwall  Con 158 

Cortland 92 

Coxsackie 56 

Crooked  lake 65 

Croton 47 

Croton  aqueduct  ... .     47 

Croton  river 47 

Crown  point 85 

D 

Dalton  94 

Dansvillc  107 

Dcchambault 149 

Dekalb 102 

Denmark 100 

Deru\tcr 92 

Detroit 110 

D-bb's  ferry 45 

Duanesburg 90 

Dunkirk 109 

E 

Earlvillc .'. 103 

lOaston 88 

Easron,  Pa 41 

Eddyville 54 

Elbridge 63 

Elizabethtown 32 

Elizabethport 29 

Erie lOi) 

Esperancc  90 

Essex 86 

F 

Fairport 77 

Falkner's  islands —   114 

Fishkill 51 

Flatbush ,. 25 

Flushing 24 


IXDKX. 


163 


TAOF..  I 

Flnsliin^^bay 113 

Foiidii 07 

I'ort  An:\ -'ja 

Fort  Clinton 49 

Fort  Edward 81) 

Fort  Ilatiiihon ^5 

Fort  Lcc 41 

Fort  Miller 89 

Fort  Montgomery  ...  49 

Fort  Plain 74 

Fort  SchloRacr 71) 

Fortsville  81 

PVaniingham 95 

Frankfort 74 

Fredonia  Ill 

Fultonvillc 71 

G 

Geddes 75 

Genesee  falls G7 

Genesco 107 

Geneva G5 

German  Valley 40 

Glasgow  54 

Glenn's  falls 82 

Glenville  GO 

Gra  vesend 25 

Grcgoire   148 

Grondines 149 

Granville  88 

Greenbush 57 

Greene 104 

H 

Hamburg 52 

Hamburg Ill 

Hamilton 103 

Hamilton,  Con 158 

Harlem   28 

Harsimua 27 


Ilartf  M-d,  N.  J 88 

Hnrtford.  Con 120 

Hahtiiigr, 45 

llavcrj^triiw  '17 

IlcllGaie 112 

Henrietta 107 

llei  kiuier G2 

Herkimer  bridge  ....     74 

Miirhlauds 48 

Hightstown  30 

Ilobukcn  27 

Molly  77 

Hudson 55 

Hudson  rivor 43 

Hulbcvton 77 

Hvde  Turk 53 

I 

Irvincr Ill 

iLhcica 92 

J 

Jamaica 24 

.lertcy  City 27 

Jes£ui)'s  I'all.s 82 

.FcwetL's  City 118 

Jordan 75 

K 

Kent 119 

Kinderhook 93 

Kindeihook  landing  5G 

Kingsbridge   45 

Kingsbury  85 

Kingston  115 

Kingston,  Con 158 

Kingston  54 

Knowiesville  77 

L 

La  Chine 157 


1G4 


ItfDEX. 


PACE 

Lake  George 82 

Jiake  St.  Francis....  158 

Lake  St.  Peter 14H 

La  Prairie 87 

Lancaster tirt 

Laiisirigljurg 87 

Lenox    (12 

Liberty   ]08 

Lutle  falls ()i 

Liverpo'tl 149 

Lockport  78 

LocJi  , , 7."> 

Long  island  soutid...  113 

Lorette loG 

Long  Saut  island   ...  158 

Lntbiniero  Mi) 

Lowville lOl) 

Lyons   7G 

M 

Madison    103 

Manliattanville 28 

Manliua  Centre 75 

Martinsburg   100 

]\Iafouchin 34 

Manslield 41 

Marlboro' ,...  52 

IMartinsville 50 

Matteawan  51 

Mechanicsvillc  89 

Medina 77 

Mcriden 120 

Mendham  40 

Middleport 77 

Middletown 24 

Milton 52 

Montezuma 76 

Montmorenci 156 

Montreal 143 

Montreal,  ris.frm.  84-147 


FAOE. 

Morganvillo 67 

Monistown  40 

I\I()sco\v 106 

Mount  Morris  106 

N 

Newark,  N.  J 31 

Newark,  N   Y 76 

New  Baltimore  56 

New  Boston 75 

New  Brunswick  ....     34 

Ncvvbiirg  50 

New  Hartford  103 

New  Haven 119 

New  HuvP!!  harbor.  1 14 
New  liondon,  Con.,  117 
New  Lo'idon,  N.  Y.  75 
New  Faltz  landing  .     53 

New  Milfurd  118 

New  Kocholle  land'g  113 

Newtown,  Con 118 

Newtown 24 

New  Windsor 50 

New  Utrecht 25 

New  York  State,  gen- 
eral view .,.,      5 

New  York  city 14 

New  Y.,  routes  from  112 

Niagara  falls 70 

Niagara  village 159 

Noraye    148 

Norwich 104 

Norwich,  Con 117 

Nunda  Valley 106 

Nyack  46 

0 

Ogdensburg 102 

Olean 106 

Oiean,  routes  from...  106 
Oriskany  75 


INPEX. 


165 


Orlcnii3  ialarnl IHG 

0iiwv[tn  ],";8 

0\vns(;o  lal;c  (i3 

Oxtoid  lot 

Oxford,  iMa.sf; lid 

V 

Filial iiic  liridgo  Gl 

Piilii-adcs 41 

rnlmor 01 

Palnivra 7G 

Paris'llill 103 

Passaic  falls 42 

Peckskill  4') 

PGiidlcton 78 

Pelliain 53 

Piormont  4") 

Pine  OrcIiarJ T)') 

Piusfield J)3 

Prrlh  Amboy ^9 

Piitsford 77 

PiaUfhurp:  8() 

Poii.t  du  Lac 118 

i'o'r.d  Levy 156 

P  ):t  nyron 70 

Puit  Gibson 76 

Port  Hope 159 

Port  Kent 86 

Pouf^hkeepsic 52 

Prescott 158 

Princeton 35 

Providence 115 

Q 

Quebec 149 

Quebec,  environs  of  149 
QuecUiiton 159 

11 

Railway 33 

RailroadsofN.  Y.  .       9 
Kcd  Hook  kiiidin^'...     51 


Rcmcen 100 

Iliiyiibcc.k 53 

l^f;liii;o;id  1:3 

Ri.b'Ps  Reef...: -2:) 

I'ochostcr (>G 

Roclx'stcr,  rts.   J'rom  105 

I'ocl.away 23 

rionic 6^ 

Round  lake  80 

Rouse'd  Puint 8G 

S 

S(.  Pierre i  'G 

Ht.  Laurent  .      ■ 

8t.  Jean "•     - 

^"t.  Franv^ois i    J 

St.  Foi 153 

!'t.  Jof  oph 156 

St.  Michel 156 

St.  VuHier 15G 

St.  Rcyis 15a 

St.  AuftMislir.o IH) 

St.  Nicolas in 

St. Anne M9 

St.  Croix  149 

St.  .lohn'a 87 

St.  Francis LIB 

St.  Jolinsvillc 61 

St.  Tierre 149 

St.  Isabelle 148 

St.  Sulpice LJ8 

Sackeii's  Harbor....  101 

Sandy  Hill 84 

Sandusky 1 10 

Sarali)';a  lake 81 

Saratoga  springs  ....  80 

Saugerties  54 

Scliajriicoko 88 

Schodack 56 

Sclieiicctady  60 


Ic 


1C6 


iNDax4BRARY  \1 


Bchoolcy's  Mt.  Sp\  ■•:4I 

Scliuylcrsville 'v«l$ 

Scottsville 10() 

ScMiecu  Luke fit 

Sharon  Springs ^  /^^ 

Sherburne ^j^Wft 

Sleepy  Hollow 46 

Smyrna 92 

Sing  Sing 46 

Soinerville  102 

South  Aniboy  21) 

Sonbrouze  156 

Spencersvillc 77 

Sprinclield 94 

Spotavvood 30 

Spuyton  Duyvei  Crk.     4C) 

Stamford  ^..  113 

Statosburg 53 

Stillwater 89 

Stonington 114 

Stony  Point 48 

Stratford  I'oint 113 

:....  62 

T 

Tnppan 46 

'i'appan  Sea 46 

Tarrvtown 46 

Tellers  Tuint 47 

Thames  River 114 

Thompson 118 

Three  Rivers 148 

Throg's  Point 113 

Ticonderoga  83 

TivoH 54 

Tompkinsville 26 

Tonawanda    69 

Toronto  159 

Trenton 100 

Trenton,  N.J 37 


Syracuse 


Tripp's  HilU,.. A*. I.'.^/SjI) 

rrwjr  ^.« .. .«.'*••. •.^^>« •     J>> 

Tfoy,  rnim^-frgin  ...     97 

Truxtun , 92 

Turin  ..^.t...J../^f^.jififi 

Utica 98 

Utica,  routes  from  ...  100 

V 

Vnltrie 148 

Varcnnes 148 

Verplanck's  City  ... .  48 

Victor 6G 

Vienna 65 

W 

Wallingford 120 

Warren  94 

Washington,  Mass..  94 

Waterford  88 

Waterloo  64 

Watertown 100 

WaterviUe 103 

Wehawken 28 

Westfield Ill 

Westport  85 

Westchester 28 

West  Point 49 

West  Sprinjfield  ....  94 

West  Stockbridge...  119 

West  Troy 73 

Whitehall   85 

Whitesboro' 62 

Williamsburg 23 

William  Henry 148 

Worcester 95 

Y 

Yamaska 148 

Yonkers   45 


T.  R.  TANNER, 

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Together  with  a  variety  of  Tortable  IVfaps  of  the  Uni. 
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